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Grammar Library

The grammar library has several hundred grammar expressions with definitions, usage patterns, example sentences, advanced notes, and user-made sentences!

JLPT Grammar
All Grammar
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Grammar expressionExample sentencesUser sentences
(Using clauses to describe nouns)015
あいだ/あいだに820
あう635
あかつきには07
あげる556
あげる012
あっての08
あとで6304
あながち~ない05
あまり321
あまり~ない059
あるいは018
いか010
いかんでは,いかんによっては06
いかんにかかわらず,いかんによらず010
いがい018
いざしらず05
いし (Volitional)148
いじょう827
いただく550
いちばん~です032
いっぽう312
いっぽうだ220
うえで433
うえに417
うえは312
うか~まいか05
うが~うが010
うけみ (Passive)10166
うち/ないうち263
うではないか/うじゃないか322
うと~まいと,うが~まいが09
うにも~ない08
うものなら07
うる/えない821
お~する、ご~する (Humble verbs)169
おかげで522
おきに37
おそれがある315
おまけに06
おりには06
おわる448
11293
か~ないかのうちに316
かい751
かいがあって09
かいもなく09
かかわらず/かかわりなく524
かぎり/ないかぎり529
かぎりだ08
かけの/かけだ217
かける030
かた597
かたがた09
かたわら19
かといえば010
かとおもったら/かとおもうと220
かどうか742
かならずしも04
かねて07
かねない719
かねる513
かのう (Potential)1283
かのようだ337
かもしれない671
から9168
から~にかけて218
から~まで0147
からある,からの06
からいって017
からして436
からすると225
からといって313
からには415
からみれば119
かれ~かれ07
かわり780
かんして131
0112
がい011
がする935
がた051
がたい228
がちです/がちになる321
がっている689
がてら111
がはやいか06
がほしい1131
きがする06
きこえる435
きらいがある06
きり014
きりがない07
きりだ317
きる011
きれない428
きわまる08
きわみ/きわまりない08
きんし(~な) (Prohibitive)741
ぎみだ023
くする/にする6166
くせして06
くせに233
くださる145
くらいことはない05
くらいだ/ぐらいだ1121
くらいなら010
くれと0288
くれる565
ぐらいのものだ06
ぐるみ05
けっして~ない022
129
こそ221
こそ~が06
こそあれ07
こそすれ04
こと112
ことか542
ことから023
ことがある354
ことができる1165
ことだ331
ことだから027
こととて08
ことなく034
ことなしには010
ことに130
ことにする993
ことになっている734
ことになる382
ことのないように06
ことは~が017
ことはない235
ござる/ございます537
ごとく,ごとき012
560
さい/さいに/さいは410
さいして/に(さいし)/にさいしての312
さいちゅう517
さえ/にさえ/でさえ246
さえ~ば544
さしあげる539
させていただきます/させてもらいます03
させられる(しえきうけみ) (Causative Passive)245
させる(しえき) (Causative)894
さて010
ざる08
ざるをえない1118
し(~し)258
しか~ない7137
しかも09
したがって010
しだい514
しだいだ527
しだいでは110
しまつだ07
じょう012
じょうけんけい (Conditional Form)6109
すぎる780
すこしも~ない022
すなわち09
すら,ですら07
すると011
ずくめ08
ずじまい06
ずとも06
ずに784
ずにすませる013
ずにすむ010
ずにはいられない/ないではいられない423
ずにはおかない/ないではおかない09
ずにはすまない/ないではすまない05
せいで/せいか429
そういえば07
そうだ5112
そうにない09
そうもない013
そこで08
そのうえ021
そのけっか013
そのため014
そばから09
それが013
それで010
それでも08
それと015
それとも019
それなのに08
それなら05
それはそうと010
そんけいご (Respectful verbs)153
た/なかった (Past Casual)098
たあげく317
たい5283
たいばかりに012
たいものだ324
たがさいご111
たことがある773
たことにする06
ただ~のみだ07
ただ~のみならず05
ただし07
たち563
たて013
たとえ~ても529
たところで012
たとたん724
たびに522
たほう がよい748
ため(に)8104
たもの017
たら10174
たら~たで06
たりたりする9146
たりとも07
たるもの010
だが08
だけ9126
だけしか031
だけではすまない07
だけど021
だけのことはある017
だけましだ07
だす264
だって035
だに09
だの07
だらけだ521
だろう573
だろうとおもう563
ちなみに07
ちゃ、~じゃ845
ちゅう/じゅう0197
ちゅうしんに414
っけ038
っこない418
って016
っぱなし418
っぽい442
つ~つ07
ついでに423
つつ/つつも011
つつある519
つづける350
つまり015
つもりだ683
づらい013
て、~で5232
てあげる641
てある6130
ていく154
ていただく634
ていただけないでしょうか?543
ていらい612
ていられない011
ている20455
ておく1281
てかなわない010
てから5268
てからでないと317
てからというもの111
てください3126
てくださいませんか277
てくださる535
てくる155
てくれてありがとう023
てくれる156
てこそ09
てごらん022
てさしあげる131
てしまう14161
てしょうがない/てしかたがない512
てたまらない720
てとうぜんだ010
てならない116
ては018
てはいけない637
てはじめての022
てはならない08
てははじめて013
てばかりはいられない08
てほしい747
てまえ017
てまで07
てみせる05
てみる656
ても、~でも580
てもいい781
てもかまわない1076
てもらう738
てもらえませんか/ていただけませんか03
てやまない09
てやる540
てよかった011
14445
であれ,であろうと010
でござる/でございます335
でしょう7266
ですから013
でなくてなんだろう09
ではあるまいし06
でも19173
でもさしつかえない07
11188
と(おもう、いう、かんがえる)880
とあいまって06
とあって010
とあれば010
といい017
といい~といい07
という~5178
というか05
というか~というか07
ということ562
ということは08
というのは017
というものだ215
というものではない310
というより654
といえども08
といえば/というと/といったら430
といったところだ16
といったらない07
といっても235
といわず05
といわせれば09
とおもいきや010
とおり/どおり619
とか08
とか~とか137
とき1257
ときたら09
ときている05
とく022
ところ17138
ところが017
ところだった018
ところで019
ところを010
ところを/ところに/ところへ116
とされる06
としたところで、としたって08
としたら247
として225
としても323
とと、どちらが~648
とともに134
とのことだ24
とは010
とは/というのは08
とはいえ09
とはうらはら012
とはかぎらない426
とはくらべものにならない09
とばかりに09
とみえる06
とみられる06
とみると07
とも~とも08
ともなく,ともなしに010
ともなると,ともなれば08
どうしても630
どころか420
どころではない328
どまり05
どんなに031
どんなに~うが09
なあ049
ないことには434
ないことはない534
ないで013
ないでください6103
ないと,なくちゃ020
ないほうがよい544
ないまでも06
ないものか06
ないものでもない/ないでもない08
なお09
なかなか016
ながら5224
ながら(も)010
ながらに,ながらの,ながらにして012
なきにしもあらず03
なきにひとしい06
なくして09
なくてはいけない550
なくてもいい958
なくはない08
なければならない1064
なさい145
なしに010
なぜなら013
など3144
なみ05
なら8107
なら~なり07
ならいざしらず016
ならでは09
なり09
なり~なり010
なりとも017
なりに,なりの,それなり015
なる11182
15438
にあたって/にあたり49
にあって08
にいく599
にいたって06
にいたるまで09
において423
におうじて(は)/におうじ(た)321
にかえる7105
にかかわる110
にかぎったことではない05
にかぎって/にかぎり528
にかぎらず219
にかぎる220
にかけては322
にかたくない09
にきまっている413
にくい771
にくらべて/にくらべ639
にくる385
にくわえて/にくわえ219
にこしたことはない08
にこたえて111
にさきがけて05
にさきだって/にさきだち/にさきだつ49
にしたがって429
にしたら115
にして09
にしては016
にしては/にしても114
にしても118
にしろ/にせよ/にもせよ527
にすぎない617
にそういない210
にそくして010
にそって/にそい/にそう/にそった220
にたいして/にたいしては321
にたえる/にたえない020
にたる,にたりる19
にちがいない716
について024
につき219
につけ323
につれて421
にて07
にとって141
にとどまらず05
にともなって/にともなう115
にはあたらない011
にはおよばない015
にはんして/にはんし/にはんする/にはんした113
にひきかえ010
にほかならない413
にもかかわらず012
にもとづいて/にもとづき/にもとづく314
にもまして010
によって/により/による1577
によらず08
にわたって/にわたり410
ぬきにして/~ぬきで417
ぬく317
058
ねばならない09
1149
の、~こと040
のいたり07
のうえでは031
のすえ/たすえ011
ので660
のではないだろうか011
のなんのって04
のに475
のみならず314
のもと/をもと017
のももっともだ010
のやら014
はいけない09
はおろか08
はさておき09
はじめる661
はずがない770
はずだ784
はともかく116
はどうあれ011
ははじめてです452
はべつとして05
はもちろん/はもとより535
はんめん411
ば~ほど333
ばあいは023
ばかり15144
ばかりか333
ばかりに313
ばこそ05
ばそれまでだ09
ばよかった016
ひいては03
ひつよう022
びる07
ふつうけい (Present Casual)0101
ふりをする025
ぶり015
ぶる07
053
べからざる05
べからず09
べきだ/べきではない445
べく07
べくもない05
べつに~ない555
ほかない213
ほど687
ほど~ない269
ほどだ218
まい/まいか731
まえに11305
まくる04
ました/ませんでした559
ましょう2220
まじき05
ます/ません066
ますように019
ませんか5118
まだ0150
まだしも012
まったく~ない028
まで8113
までだ/までのことだ06
までに468
までもない010
まま771
ままに013
まみれ011
011
みえる442
みたいだ023
むきだ512
むけ620
めいれいけい (Imperative )141
めく09
めったにない015
5198
も~なら、も~だ08
も~ば~も/も~なら~も017
もう0160
もかまわず39
もさることながら08
もし~たなら019
もし~としても023
もしないで09
もしも~なら016
もっとも06
もどうぜんだ09
もなんともない07
もの010
ものか420
ものがある210
ものだ532
ものだから220
ものとして06
ものとする07
ものなら130
ものの231
ものを07
ものをいう06
もらう155
ゃしない06
070
や、やいなや08
やすい693
やら~やら334
やる251
ゆえに08
049
よう06
ようがない/ようもない419
ようするに010
ようだ658
ようだ175
ようとおもう449
ようとしている06
ようとしない021
ようとする550
ように763
ようにいう741
ようにする867
ようになる/なくなる7108
よていだ351
より1110
より~のほうが~456
らしい9116
045
わけがない336
わけだ031
わけではない734
わけにはいかない159
わりに223
10124
を~として/を~とする017
をおいて~ない06
をかぎりに222
をかわきりに010
をきっかけに212
をきに05
をきんじえない011
をください3101
をくださいませんか182
をけいき18
をこめて318
をさかいに05
をぜんていとして08
をたよりに08
をつうじて/をとおして326
をとわず319
をはじめ/をはじめとする231
をふまえて08
をへて05
をめぐって314
をもって(すれば)019
をもとに/をもとにして313
をものともせず09
をよぎなくされる013
をよそに010
んがため06
んだい449
んだって016
んです149
んですが640
んばかり19
Grammar expressionExample sentencesUser sentences
(Using clauses to describe nouns)015
ageru556
ageru012
aida/aidani820
akatsukiniha07
amari321
amari~nai059
anagachi~nai05
aruiha018
atode6304
atteno08
au635
baaiha023
bakari15144
bakarika333
bakarini313
bakoso05
basoremadeda09
bayokatta016
ba~hodo333
bekarazaru05
bekarazu09
bekida/bekidehanai445
beku07
bekumonai05
betsuni~nai555
biru07
buri015
buru07
cha、~ja845
chinamini07
chuushinni414
chuu/juu0197
daga08
dake9126
dakedehasumanai07
dakedo021
dakemashida07
dakenokotohaaru017
dakeshika031
dani09
dano07
darakeda521
darou573
daroutoomou563
dasu264
datte035
de14445
deare,dearouto010
degozaru/degozaimasu335
dehaarumaishi06
demo19173
demosashitsukaenai07
denakutenandarou09
deshou7266
desukara013
dokorodehanai328
dokoroka420
domari05
donnani031
donnani~uga09
doushitemo630
durai013
furiwosuru025
futsuukei (Present Casual)0101
ga0112
gachidesu/gachininaru321
gahayaika06
gahoshii1131
gai011
gasuru935
gata051
gatai228
gatera111
gatteiru689
ge129
gimida023
gotoku,gotoki012
gozaru/gozaimasu537
gurainomonoda06
gurumi05
habetsutoshite05
hadouare011
hahajimetedesu452
haikenai09
hajimeru661
hamochiron/hamotoyori535
hanmen411
haoroka08
hasateoki09
hatomokaku116
hazuda784
hazuganai770
he053
hiiteha03
hitsuyou022
hodo687
hododa218
hodo~nai269
hokanai213
ichiban~desu032
igai018
ijou827
ika010
ikandeha,ikanniyotteha06
ikannikakawarazu,ikanniyorazu010
ippou312
ippouda220
ishi (Volitional)148
itadaku550
izashirazu05
jou012
joukenkei (Conditional Form)6109
ka11293
kadouka742
kagirida08
kagiri/naikagiri529
kai751
kaigaatte09
kaimonaku09
kakawarazu/kakawarinaku524
kakeno/kakeda217
kakeru030
kamoshirenai671
kanarazushimo04
kanenai719
kaneru513
kanete07
kanou (Potential)1283
kanoyouda337
kanshite131
kara9168
karaaru,karano06
karaitte017
karamireba119
karaniha415
karashite436
karasuruto225
karatoitte313
kara~made0147
kara~nikakete218
kare~kare07
kata597
katagata09
katawara19
katoieba010
katoomottara/katoomouto220
kawari780
ka~naikanouchini316
kesshite~nai022
kigasuru06
kikoeru435
kinshi(~na) (Prohibitive)741
kiraigaaru06
kirenai428
kiri014
kirida317
kiriganai07
kiru011
kiwamaru08
kiwami/kiwamarinai08
kke038
kkonai418
koso221
kosoare07
kososure04
koso~ga06
koto112
kotoda331
kotodakara027
kotogaaru354
kotogadekiru1165
kotohanai235
kotoha~ga017
kotoka542
kotokara023
kotonaku034
kotonashiniha010
kotoni130
kotoninaru382
kotoninatteiru734
kotonisuru993
kotononaiyouni06
kototote08
kudasaru145
kuraida/guraida1121
kuraikotohanai05
kurainara010
kureru565
kureto0288
kuseni233
kuseshite06
kusuru/nisuru6166
mada0150
madashimo012
made8113
madeda/madenokotoda06
mademonai010
madeni468
maeni11305
mai/maika731
majiki05
makuru04
mama771
mamani013
mamire011
masenka5118
mashita/masendeshita559
mashou2220
masu/masen066
masuyouni019
mattaku~nai028
meireikei (Imperative )141
meku09
mettaninai015
mi011
mieru442
mitaida023
mo5198
modouzenda09
mokamawazu39
monantomonai07
mono010
monoda532
monodakara220
monogaaru210
monoka420
mononara130
monono231
monotoshite06
monotosuru07
monowo07
monowoiu06
morau155
mosarukotonagara08
moshimo~nara016
moshinaide09
moshi~tanara019
moshi~toshitemo023
mottomo06
mou0160
mo~ba~mo/mo~nara~mo017
mo~nara、mo~da08
muke620
mukida512
naa049
nado3144
nagara5224
nagara(mo)010
nagarani,nagarano,nagaranishite012
naide013
naidekudasai6103
naihougayoi544
naikotohanai534
naikotoniha434
naimademo06
naimonodemonai/naidemonai08
naimonoka06
naito,nakucha020
nakanaka016
nakerebanaranai1064
nakinihitoshii06
nakinishimoarazu03
nakuhanai08
nakushite09
nakutehaikenai550
nakutemoii958
nami05
nao09
nara8107
naradeha09
naraizashirazu016
nara~nari07
nari09
narini,narino,sorenari015
naritomo017
nari~nari010
naru11182
nasai145
nashini010
nazenara013
nbakari19
ndai449
ndatte016
ndesu149
ndesuga640
ne058
nebanaranai09
ngatame06
ni15438
niatatte/niatari49
niatte08
nichigainai716
nihaataranai011
nihanshite/nihanshi/nihansuru/nihanshita113
nihaoyobanai015
nihikikae010
nihokanaranai413
niiku599
niitarumade09
niitatte06
nikaeru7105
nikagirazu219
nikagiru220
nikagittakotodehanai05
nikagitte/nikagiri528
nikakawaru110
nikaketeha322
nikatakunai09
nikimatteiru413
nikoshitakotohanai08
nikotaete111
nikui771
nikurabete/nikurabe639
nikuru385
nikuwaete/nikuwae219
nimokakawarazu012
nimomashite010
nimotoduite/nimotoduki/nimotoduku314
nioite423
nioujite(ha)/niouji(ta)321
nisakidatte/nisakidachi/nisakidatsu49
nisakigakete05
nishiro/niseyo/nimoseyo527
nishitagatte429
nishitara115
nishite09
nishiteha016
nishiteha/nishitemo114
nishitemo118
nisokushite010
nisotte/nisoi/nisou/nisotta220
nisouinai210
nisuginai617
nitaeru/nitaenai020
nitaishite/nitaishiteha321
nitaru,nitariru19
nite07
nitodomarazu05
nitomonatte/nitomonau115
nitotte141
nitsuite024
nitsuke323
nitsuki219
nitsurete421
niwatatte/niwatari410
niyorazu08
niyotte/niyori/niyoru1577
no1149
node660
nodehanaidarouka011
noitari07
nominarazu314
nomomottomoda010
nomoto/womoto017
nonannotte04
noni475
nosue/tasue011
nouedeha031
noyara014
no、~koto040
nukinishite/~nukide417
nuku317
okagede522
okini37
omakeni06
oriniha06
osoregaaru315
owaru448
o~suru、go~suru (Humble verbs)169
ppanashi418
ppoi442
rashii9116
sa560
sae/nisae/desae246
sae~ba544
saichuu517
saishite/ni(saishi)/nisaishiteno312
sai/saini/saiha410
saserareru(shiekiukemi) (Causative Passive)245
saseru(shieki) (Causative)894
saseteitadakimasu/sasetemoraimasu03
sashiageru539
sate010
seide/seika429
shi(~shi)258
shidai514
shidaida527
shidaideha110
shikamo09
shika~nai7137
shimatsuda07
shitagatte010
sobakara09
sokode08
sonkeigo (Respectful verbs)153
sonokekka013
sonotame014
sonoue021
sorede010
soredemo08
sorega013
sorehasouto010
sorenanoni08
sorenara05
soreto015
soretomo019
souda5112
souieba07
soumonai013
souninai09
sugiru780
sukoshimo~nai022
sunawachi09
sura,desura07
suruto011
ta/nakatta (Past Casual)098
taageku317
tabini522
tachi563
tadashi07
tada~nomida07
tada~nominarazu05
tagasaigo111
tahou gayoi748
tai5283
taibakarini012
taimatte06
taimonoda324
takotogaaru773
takotonisuru06
tame(ni)8104
tamono017
tara10174
tara~tade06
taritarisuru9146
taritomo07
tarumono010
tate013
tatoe~temo529
tatokorode012
tatotan724
teageru641
tearu6130
tebakarihairarenai08
tegoran022
teha018
tehahajimete013
tehaikenai637
tehajimeteno022
tehanaranai08
tehoshii747
teiku154
teirai612
teirarenai011
teiru20455
teitadakenaideshouka?543
teitadaku634
tekanawanai010
tekara5268
tekaradenaito317
tekaratoiumono111
tekoso09
tekudasai3126
tekudasaimasenka277
tekudasaru535
tekureru156
tekuretearigatou023
tekuru155
temade07
temae017
temiru656
temiseru05
temoii781
temokamawanai1076
temoraemasenka/teitadakemasenka03
temorau738
temo、~demo580
tenaranai116
teoku1281
tesashiageru131
teshimau14161
teshouganai/teshikataganai512
tetamaranai720
tetouzenda010
teyamanai09
teyaru540
teyokatta011
te、~de5232
to11188
to(omou、iu、kangaeru)880
toareba010
toatte010
tobakarini09
toha010
toha/toiunoha08
tohaie09
tohakagiranai426
tohakurabemononinaranai09
tohaurahara012
toieba/toiuto/toittara430
toiedomo08
toii017
toii~toii07
toittaranai07
toittatokoroda16
toittemo235
toiuka05
toiuka~toiuka07
toiukoto562
toiukotoha08
toiumonoda215
toiumonodehanai310
toiunoha017
toiuyori654
toiu~5178
toiwasereba09
toiwazu05
toka08
toka~toka137
toki1257
tokitara09
tokiteiru05
tokoro17138
tokorodatta018
tokorode019
tokoroga017
tokorowo010
tokorowo/tokoroni/tokorohe116
toku022
tomieru06
tomirareru06
tomiruto07
tomonaku,tomonashini010
tomonaruto,tomonareba08
tomo~tomo08
tonokotoda24
toomoikiya010
toori/doori619
tosareru06
toshitara247
toshitatokorode、toshitatte08
toshite225
toshitemo323
totomoni134
toto、dochiraga~648
tsudukeru350
tsuideni423
tsumari015
tsumorida683
tsutsuaru519
tsutsu/tsutsumo011
tsu~tsu07
tte016
uchi/naiuchi263
udehanaika/ujanaika322
uede433
ueha312
ueni417
uga~uga010
uka~maika05
ukemi (Passive)10166
umononara07
unimo~nai08
uru/enai821
uto~maito,uga~maiga09
wa045
wakeda031
wakedehanai734
wakeganai336
wakenihaikanai159
warini223
wo10124
wofumaete08
wohajime/wohajimetosuru231
wohete05
wokagirini222
wokawakirini010
wokeiki18
wokikkakeni212
wokini05
wokinjienai011
wokomete318
wokudasai3101
wokudasaimasenka182
womegutte314
womonotomosezu09
womotoni/womotonishite313
womotte(sureba)019
wooite~nai06
wosakaini05
wotayorini08
wotowazu319
wotsuujite/wotooshite326
woyoginakusareru013
woyosoni010
wozenteitoshite08
wo~toshite/wo~tosuru017
ya070
yara~yara334
yaru251
yashinai06
yasui693
ya、yainaya08
yo049
yori1110
yori~nohouga~456
yoteida351
you06
youda658
youda175
youganai/youmonai419
youni763
youniiu741
youninaru/nakunaru7108
younisuru867
yousuruni010
youtoomou449
youtoshinai021
youtoshiteiru06
youtosuru550
yueni08
zaru08
zaruwoenai1118
zujimai06
zukume08
zuni784
zunihairarenai/naidehairarenai423
zunihaokanai/naidehaokanai09
zunihasumanai/naidehasumanai05
zunisumaseru013
zunisumu010
zutomo06
Expression Name Sentences Completion level
(examples displayed below when available) Examples User-made
かた 5 97
Meaning(s): How to A
Model: 「このパソコン使からないのでしてさい
I don't know how to use this computer, so please explain it to me.
やすい 6 93
Meaning(s): A is easy to do
Model: 「やりやすいスポーツどっち
What do you think is the easiest sport to play?
たい 5 283
Meaning(s): Want to A
Model: 「もうちょっとせたいからビールたくさんまないいい
I want to lose just a little more weight, so I think it's better if I don't drink a lot of beer.
ながら 5 224
Meaning(s): While A, B
Model: 「さんいつもべながらテレビます
My mom always watches TV while she is eating breakfast.
はじめる 6 61
Meaning(s): To begin to A; A begins
Model: 「めるストレッチしてさい
Please stretch before you begin to work out.
だす 2 64
Meaning(s): A (suddenly) begins, To A out
Model: 「きのうりだしました
Yesterday it started to rain after class finished.
つづける 3 50
Meaning(s): A continues; To continue to A
Model: 「いたみえてりつづけた
I endured the pain and continued to run.
おわる 4 48
Meaning(s): To finish A; A ends
Model: 「このみおわったらげてさい
If you are finished with the book please give it to him.
より 1 110
Meaning(s): A is C-er than B; A is more C than B (comparison)., A is not as C as B
Model: 「ピカチュあなたよりいいみたいなぁ
It seems like Pikachu is smarter than you.
ほど~ない 2 69
Meaning(s): A is not as C as B
なる 11 182
Meaning(s): To become A
Model: 「そのようにけたらすぐになるでしょう
If you continue to study like that, soon you'll get really good, right?
にくい 7 71
Meaning(s): A is hard/difficult to do
Model: 「がいこくじんにとってすごくきにくい
For foreigners, it's really hard to write kanji.
てから 5 268
Meaning(s): After doing A
Model: 「いてからそこあるぜて
After you grill the meat, please mix it over there with the noodles.
ている 20 455
Meaning(s): Describes a state after the action A takes place., A is the subject's customary actions., A-ing (Progressive tense)
Model: 「んでばかりいてをしていません
Lately I've only been playing and not studying.
てある 6 130
Meaning(s): Describes a state after the action A takes place.
Model: 「いてあるのでれないようにメモしていて
The address is written on the postcard, so please make a note of it so you don't forget it.
てもいい 7 81
Meaning(s): It is alright to A; the subject may A; it's alright if A (condition)
Model: 「使ってよいですええどうぞ
"May I use your pencil?" "Sure go ahead."
てもかまわない 10 76
Meaning(s): It doesn't matter if A is done, Doesn't matter if A (isn't done); don't mind if A (isn't done)
Model: 「かららなくてかまわないでしょう
There's a practice game tomorrow, so it doesn't matter if we don't try hard today, right?
てみる 6 56
Meaning(s): Try to A
Model: 「ったらまってみたいです
When I go to Japan, I want to try staying at a Japanese-style inn.
てしまう 14 161
Meaning(s): To finish/complete A, To finish A, A is finished, A occurs (shows embarrassment / regret / disappointment over the action A), To put away A
Model: 「できずばかやろうんでしまった
I couldn't hold it and screamed 'You idiot!'
ておく 12 81
Meaning(s): To do A in advance, do A as preparation for something else, To leave as is in the state A
Model: 「れてくな
Don't leave your dog in all day.
たりたりする 9 146
Meaning(s): Do things like A and B; states/conditions like A and B
Model: 「ゲームしたりドライブしたりする
When I am free I do things like play games and go on drives.
たことがある 7 73
Meaning(s): Have done A before
Model: 「あなたったことあります
Have you ever been to a foreign country?
まま 7 71
Meaning(s): The situation A remains unchanged
Model: 「いすそのままにしてきなさい
Leave the chairs as they are.
なければならない 10 64
Meaning(s): Must do A; have to A
Model: 「わなければならない
I have to buy one tomorrow.
なくてはいけない 5 50
Meaning(s): Must do A; have to A
Model: 「のでしなくていけない
Since my husband's pillow is really smelly, I have to wash it every day.
なくてもいい 9 58
Meaning(s): Don't have to A
Model: 「このことくても
He does not have to do this.
ずに 7 84
Meaning(s): Without A..ing
Model: 「わずってしまった
The student left without saying anything.
ない方がよい 5 44
Meaning(s): It would be better to not A
Model: 「しいあなたアパートさいのでわないいい
Do you really want a cat? Your apartment is small, so it's better if you don't get one.
た方がいい 7 48
Meaning(s): It would be better to A
Model: 「もうえたいいです
It would be better to think it over.
ことがある 3 54
Meaning(s): There are times when A (occurs/exists)
Model: 「いつもけどたまことある
My boyfriend always has a serious expression, but there are times when he smiles.
んです 1 49
Meaning(s): The reason/explanation is A
Model: 「りましたでもしてるんです
I've gotten (understand) your feelings, but I'm married.
んですが 6 40
Meaning(s): Introduces a request, invitation, or asking for permission
Model: 「ちょっとあるです
Can I bother you for something?
そうだ 5 112
Meaning(s): A is spoken by/heard from someone/something else, It looks A; it seems like A
Model: 「いたレッドソックスったそう
Did you hear? (I heard) The Red Sox won yesterday!
11 293
Meaning(s): A is a question within the sentence, Some A, Any A (somebody, somewhere, sometime, somehow, etc.), Forms the question form of the sentence A, A or B
Model: 「いつかしたいっている
I want to travel around the world with you one day.
かどうか 7 42
Meaning(s): Whether or not A
Model: 「あなたられるかどうかしてさい
Please let us know whether you can come.
ところ 17 138
Meaning(s): About to start A, Be now A...ing (be in the middle of doing A), Just finished A; Have been A...ing, After A is done, the results of A are B
Model: 「しおりさんするところからよくきなさい
Shiori is about to present, so listen well.
すぎる 7 80
Meaning(s): A is done too much, Too much A; A is excessive
Model: 「いたたたしすぎてなってきた
Ouuu-ch! I tried too hard and now my stomach hurts.
がっている 6 89
Meaning(s): Wants to A, Shows signs of state/condition A, Don't be A (afraid, shy, etc.)
Model: 「りたがっているのでつもり
My younger brother wants to ride a horse just once, so we are going to go to a farm tomorrow.
にいく 5 99
Meaning(s): Go (somewhere) in order to A
Model: 「までった
I went to the airport to meet a friend.
にくる 3 85
Meaning(s): Come (here) in order to A
Model: 「くる
There are a lot of people who come to Japan to study Japanese.
にかえる 7 105
Meaning(s): Return (home) in order to A, Return to A
Model: 「かえってからすぐ宿します
I'll begin my homework right after I go home.
前に 11 305
Meaning(s): Before A (occurs/happens), B
Model: 「べるります
Every morning, I take a bath before I eat breakfast.
あとで 6 304
Meaning(s): After A
Model: 「わったりました
I took a bath after I finished eating breakfast.
ばかり 15 144
Meaning(s): Do only A, do nothing but A, A just finished/ended/occured., Shows a continual/continuing negative change A
Model: 「いつもばかりっている
He's always complaining about the food.
ようだ 6 58
Meaning(s): Looks as if A
Model: 「メグしいドレスよう
Meg looks pleased with her new dress.
Passive 10 166
Meaning(s): Be A-ed; when the action is directed at the subject. , Be A-ed; when something negative/troubling is directed at the subject., Be A-ed; when the person/thing doing the action does not need to be mentioned in the sentence., Be A-ed; when someone/something else does something undesirable.
Model: 「していたのでされた
I was idly chatting in the middle of class, so I was warned by the teacher.
Causative 8 94
Meaning(s): Make (somebody) A; this is coercive or forced onto the object of the sentence., Allow (somebody) to A; this is permission from the subject to the object., Make (somebody) A; because of the subject, the object is caused to A
Model: 「だいきらなかったのでとてもさせました
Daiki hasn't come back home in a week, so his parents are really worried.
Causative Passive 2 45
Meaning(s): Be made to do A
Model: 「べさせられました
During school lunch, the students were forced by the teacher to eat all of the vegetables.
Potential 12 83
Meaning(s): Can A; be able to A (ability of the subject), Can A; be possible to A; (possibility of the subject to do A)
Model: 「ぐらいけます
How many kanji characters can you write?
ことが出来る 11 65
Meaning(s): Be able to A; can do A, Can A; be possible to A; (possibility of the subject to do A)
Model: 「あなたりることます
You can borrow three books at a time.
見える 4 42
Meaning(s): Can be seen; is visible
Model: 「にはえなかった
I saw nobody around.
聞こえる 4 35
Meaning(s): Can be heard; is audible
Model: 「えているこえた
I heard a wolf crying.
くれる 5 65
Meaning(s): Give B to A (A is you, your friends, your family, etc.)
Model: 「チャンスくれ
Come on! Give me a chance.
あげる 5 56
Meaning(s): Give B to A (A is a third party, not yourself)
Model: 「あげた
I gave her a doll in return.
くださる 1 45
Meaning(s): Give B to A (A is you, your friends, your family, etc.)
Model: 「くださいました
I received a souvenir from the principal.
さしあげる 5 39
Meaning(s): Give B to A (A is a third party, not yourself)
Model: 「してくれたさしあげなさい
Give her some flowers in return for her kindness.
やる 2 51
Meaning(s): Give B to A (A is an animal, plant, or someone below you in ranking)
Model: 「やらななきゃなぁ
Today and tomorrow I have to fertilize the field.
もらう 1 55
Meaning(s): A receives C from B; the giver is of the same/lower rank of the recipient.
Model: 「マイケルからシリアルもらった
Mika got leftover cereal from Michael.
いただく 5 50
Meaning(s): A receives C from B; the giver is of a higher rank than the recipient.
Model: 「けます
Could I get some water, please?
てくれる 1 56
Meaning(s): A does C for B; (B is you, your friends, your family, etc.)
Model: 「やったさんしいってくれた
Alright! My dad bought me some new clothes.
てくださる 5 35
Meaning(s): A does C for B; (B is you, your friends, your family, etc.)
Model: 「ここくだださってありがとうございます
Thank you for coming here today.
てさしあげる 1 31
Meaning(s): Do B for someone (above you)
Model: 「もしよかったらってさしあげませんか
If it's all right, can I help you?
てあげる 6 41
Meaning(s): Do B for someone
Model: 「宿わったらわらないってあげなさい
If you finish your homework, please help the students who haven't finished.
てやる 5 40
Meaning(s): Do B for someone (below you)
Model: 「までれてってやった
The manager brought his staff to the meeting (location).
Imperative 1 41
Meaning(s): Do A (command)
Model: 「もうまった
Class has already started. Hurry up!
なさい 1 45
Meaning(s): Do A (instruction)
Model: 「もうからなさい
It's already late, so hurry up and go to bed.
Prohibitive 7 41
Meaning(s): Don't A
Model: 「するな
Don't expect too much.
てはいけない 6 37
Meaning(s): May not A, must not A
Model: 「あのしていけない
You shouldn't trust the man.
より~の方が~ 4 56
Meaning(s): B is more C than A
Model: 「このよりそのバイクいい
That motorbike is cooler than this bicycle.
とと、どちらが~ 6 48
Meaning(s): Which is more C, A or B
Model: 「これあれどちらです
Which is cheaper, this or that?
ようになる/なくなる 7 108
Meaning(s): Come to A (transition over time), Come to be unable to A
Model: 「ピアノしたらけるようになる
If you practice the piano everyday, you'll come to play it well.
ことになる 3 82
Meaning(s): To decide that A, Shows a natural/logical conclusion A
Model: 「れたもうことなりました
I broke up with him last year, but we decided to date again.
てくる 1 55
Meaning(s): To come to A, To continue A..ing, to have become A
Model: 「わたしからどこかべてきてくれる
I will come home late tonight, so could you eat somewhere on your way home?
ていく 1 54
Meaning(s): To get to A, To go on A..ing
Model: 「このめばいていく
If you drink this medicine, your pain will start going away.
Volitional 1 48
Meaning(s): Let's A
Model: 「えっあなたじゃしよう
Oh, your birthday is today? Alright, let's celebrate!
ようと思う 4 49
Meaning(s): I think I will A
Model: 「しよう
I think I'm going to study Japanese again next year.
ようとする 5 50
Meaning(s): Be about to A, (about to) try to A
Model: 「えようしたけどずかしくなってえませんでした
I was about to answer the teacher's question, but I suddenly got embarrassed and couldn't say anything.
ようにする 8 67
Meaning(s): Try to A, make sure to A
Model: 「ねぇなるべくようにするからべないでってて
Hey, I'm going to try and get home as soon as possible, so don't eat and wait for me.
つもりだ 6 83
Meaning(s): Plan to A, be going to A, intend to do A, Supposed to be A; intended to be A, assumed to be A
Model: 「するつもりですことめてさい
What are you going to do? Please don't do anything weird!
ことにする 9 93
Meaning(s): Decide to A, To make a rule/habit of A
Model: 「ためタバコわないことする
I'm not going to smoke for my health's sake.
だろう 5 73
Meaning(s): Probably A
Model: 「だろう
His opinion will probably be accepted.
だろうと思う 5 63
Meaning(s): I think probably A
Model: 「だめけどだろう
Today's not good, but I think the cherry blossoms will probably be in full bloom this weekend.
かもしれない 6 71
Meaning(s): Might A, maybe A, perhaps A
Model: 「ううそうしているかもれない
Oh, I feel like throwing up. I think I might be pregnant.
らしい 9 116
Meaning(s): I heard that A, it seems like A, it appears that A, Just like A, typical of A
Model: 「らしいといえばやっぱりでしょう
When you say 'manly', a sumo wrestler's loin cloth comes to mind.
ようだ 1 75
Meaning(s): It seems/looks like A, As A, Like A
Model: 「めてウニようだったナマコうんこようだった
The first time I saw them, the urchins looked like a scrubbing brush, and the sea cucumbers looked like poop.
はずだ 7 84
Meaning(s): It should be A, it ought to be A
Model: 「いいえ78ではなく77はずだ
No, I should be his 77th wife, not his 78th.
はずがない 7 70
Meaning(s): Cannot be A, should not be A (when describing a situation, not the actions of the subject)
Model: 「マイクそんなことしたはずがない
Mike cannot have done such a thing.
から 9 168
Meaning(s): Because A, From B
Model: 「したベンチャービジネスからいない
He must be super rich because he runs a successful venture business company.
ので 6 60
Meaning(s): Because A, since A
Model: 「のでいです
There's a lot of traffic accidents in the winter because it snows.
て、~で 5 232
Meaning(s): Since A, as A, A, then B, A and B
Model: 「あってしています
Because of an accident the traffic is tied up.
し(~し) 2 58
Meaning(s): A and ... (used to list reasons, with each reason followed by し)
Model: 「ずっとだったとてもあった
He was famous during his long life and his work was very popular.
ため(に) 8 104
Meaning(s): Because of A, due to A, For the purpose of A, in order to A
Model: 「えるった
I went home in order to change my clothes.
のに 4 75
Meaning(s): Even though A, in spite of A, In order to A; in the process of doing A
Model: 「んでるのにさえしない
Though he lives next door, he doesn't even say hello to us.
ても、~でも 5 80
Meaning(s): Even if A
Model: 「でもかなければならない
I have to go even if it rains cats and dogs.
なら 8 107
Meaning(s): If A is the case/situation, As for A
Model: 「までならくて便
If you go to Narita airport, you should take Keisei line because it's really convenient.
たら 10 174
Meaning(s): If A, When A, after A (then B), When A. then B, How about A, why don't you A
Model: 「シャワーびたらすっきりした
I felt refreshed after showering.
11 188
Meaning(s): When/if A,then B, A and B (and C,etc..), With A, to A
Model: 「このキノコべるまらなくなるだって
They say that if you eat this mushroom, you won't be able to stop laughing.
Conditional Form 6 109
Meaning(s): If A
Model: 「りたければいて
If you want to know, you should ask her directly about it.
14 445
Meaning(s): At A, in A, For A, in A (shows a length or amount of time), Do B by using the object A, Do B by means of A, Shows the material A that something is made of/composed of, Because of A, Due to A, Used after nouns/な-adjectives to link a list of adjectives and/or nouns
Model: 「します
I talk to her in Japanese.
15 438
Meaning(s): In A, on A, at A, To A, towards A, on A, At A (time), Used with passive verbs to identify who/what is doing the action, To change into A, Every period of time A, B; Per A, B, A and B (as a set), Going/coming/returning to do A
Model: 「ったらしました
When I got home, I called my mother.
10 124
Meaning(s): Over A, across A, along A, A is the direct object of a transitive verb
Model: 「べた
I ate an earthworm.
まで 8 113
Meaning(s): Until A, up to A, as far as A, Even A
Model: 「れるまでけます
Until I break up with him, I will continue to smile.
までに 4 68
Meaning(s): By A, by the time A
Model: 「いつまでです
By when do you need it?
5 198
Meaning(s): As many/much as A, Also A, A as well, Nothing/no one/nobody (A), (not) Even A
Model: 「たくさんいたい
I want to have lots of both cats and dogs (as pets)!
でも 19 173
Meaning(s): Any A (anywhere, anybody, anytime, etc.), Even A, A or something
Model: 「あれだろパフォーマンスでもやってる
Eh, what's that? Somebody doing street theatre or something?
とか~とか 1 37
Meaning(s): A, B, etc.
Model: 「パチンコとかとかそんなデートいや
I don't want a date with stuff like pachinko or horse racing!
と(思う、言う、考える) 8 80
Meaning(s): That A
Model: 「よいえていた
I regarded him as a good teacher.
ように言う 7 41
Meaning(s): Tell someone to do A
Model: 「っていなかったのでようにった
The land lord told him to leave because he hadn't paid his rent.
という~ 5 178
Meaning(s): B is called A, All A, every A, this (very) A
Model: 「といういたことある
Have you ever heard the song called "Sakura"?
がする 9 35
Meaning(s): Hear A, smell A, taste A
Model: 「このミルクみょうなする
This milk has a peculiar taste.
5 60
Meaning(s): Changes A into a noun
Model: 「やって
The summer heat is rolling in.
の、~こと 0 40
Meaning(s): Changes A into a noun
1 149
Meaning(s): Follows A, turning the sentence into a question (casual)., A's B (shows possession), The A one, A directly modifies B, B of A, B who/that is a(n) A, C which/whose A is B. C's A is B
Model: 「ねぇパパしてる
Mom, dad is putting on some makeup. Is he really a woman ?
んだい 4 49
Meaning(s): Turns sentence A into a question (casual).
Model: 「あなただい
Why are you with a pig ?
かい 7 51
Meaning(s): Follows A, turning the sentence into a question (casual).
Model: 「までベートーベンいたことあるかい
Have you ever listened to Beethoven's Ninth?
ござる/ございます 5 37
Meaning(s): ござる is the polite form of ある.
Model: 「50ドルシングルございます
We have a single for 50 dollars per night.
でござる/でございます 3 35
Meaning(s): でござる is the polite form of である.
Model: 「サウンド・オブ・ミュージックございます
Today's movie is The Sound of Music.
ちゃ、~じゃ 8 45
Meaning(s): ちゃ is a casual form of ては, じゃ is a casual form of では
Model: 「すぐになくちゃ
We must contact the police at once.
Humble verbs 1 69
Meaning(s): Humble form of する verbs, Humble form of A
Model: 「カードしてバッグった
I borrowed my husband's credit card and bought a bag.
Respectful verbs 1 53
Meaning(s): Respectful form of A
Model: 「さぁがりさい
Alright, please eat!
てもらう 7 38
Meaning(s): B does C for A
Model: 「あなた宿ってもらいたかった
I wanted you to help me with my homework.
ていただく 6 34
Meaning(s): B does C for A
Model: 「わせていただきます
I'm going to sing a song for you to celebrate your marriage.
ことに 1 30
Meaning(s): Precedes the reason/cause B for the (strong) feelings/emotions A
Model: 「しいことした
To her delight, she passed the exam.
ことから 0 23
Meaning(s): Displays reason A for effect B
ことなく 0 34
Meaning(s): Without doing A once (expressed strongly)
ことだから 0 27
Meaning(s): Shows a typical trait or characteristic of A
といったところだ 1 6
Meaning(s): Display an amount/level/degree A ()
Model: 「A:さんどうだい B:うんまあ退いったところ
A: How is your mother's condition? B: Well, she has her good times and bad times.
を余儀なくされる 0 13
Meaning(s): Must do A
ないことには 4 34
Meaning(s): If you don't A, the condition B will remain the same.
Model: 「プロジェクトということだろうくしないことかない
It seems you and I are essential to this project. We'd better get along or it'll go badly.
ことはない 2 35
Meaning(s): A is not necessary; it's OK if A is not done.
Model: 「いいえことない
No, there's no need to apologize.
ないことはない 5 34
Meaning(s): There is a (small) possibility of A. A is not impossible.
Model: 「えられないことない
It's not entirely impossible to memorize all the kanji in one year.
ことだ 3 31
Meaning(s): A is necessary/good (offering advice/suggestion)
Model: 「すること
Sometime you should get in contact with your parents while you're living overseas.
ということ 5 62
Meaning(s): Changes sentence/phrase A into a noun, Presents information A; A is heard (and repeated in this sentence)
Model: 「ボブルーシーめたこと
I hear that Bob and Lucy have broken up.
ことになっている 7 34
Meaning(s): Displays rule, decision, or plan A
Model: 「このからけないことになっている
You are not to leave this building.
ことか 5 42
Meaning(s): How A, so A, how much A!, Very A
Model: 「このきれいなこと
How pretty is this flower!
ものなら 1 30
Meaning(s): A can't be done, but if it could, then B
Model: 「えるものならきたい
If I can, I really want to go see her.
ものだから 2 20
Meaning(s): Because of A
Model: 「あるものだからない
I have travel plans therefore I can't attend next week's meeting.
ものの 2 31
Meaning(s): Although A...
Model: 「けるつもりであるもののまだめていない
Even though I'm going to take the JLPT, I still haven't started studying.
ものだ 5 32
Meaning(s): Shows common/obvious knowledge A; Of course, A, it's known that A, Really A, truly A
Model: 「くなってしまったではない
If nature disappears, it's not something that'll easily return.
たいものだ 3 24
Meaning(s): Want to A
Model: 「いつかイギリスきたいものだ
I'd like to visit England some day.
というものだ 2 15
Meaning(s): Shows an especially strong conviction A of the speaker
Model: 「れる
It's normally too much to finish a book in one day.
というものではない 3 10
Meaning(s): It is no guarantee that A
Model: 「ればするというものでもない
(Even) if you try your best, it does not mean you will succeed.
ものがある 2 10
Meaning(s): Shows a situation/condition A that draws strong feelings/emotions
Model: 「ない ある
There are people for whom living in a country where you don't understand the language is painful.
ものか 4 20
Meaning(s): Not A! As if A! (A is not true)
Model: 「ホラーいだからあんななんかもんか
I hate horror movies, so there's no way I'm going to see that kind of film.
ところを/ところに/ところへ 1 16
Meaning(s): At time/situation A
Model: 「ちょうどようっているところへめた
I was on the point of leaving home when a light rain started to fall.
どころか 4 20
Meaning(s): To say nothing of A, far from A, much less A, let alone A
Model: 「しかしていないのでどころかません
Because I have only studied Japanese for two months, I can't even do normal conversation, not to mention reading books.
どころではない 3 28
Meaning(s): It's not the time/condition/situation for A, Far from A (not A)
Model: 「そのショーどころではなかった
The show was far from being a failure.
わけにはいかない 1 59
Meaning(s): Must not A, Must A
Model: 「まりたいユースホステルのでいくわけいかない
The youth hostel I'd like to stay at is very popular, so I must not go without a reservation.
わけがない 3 36
Meaning(s): There's no reason for A (A should not be possible)
Model: 「そんなことわけない
There's no way my boyfriend would have said something like that!
わけではない 7 34
Meaning(s): Although you may think A, that is not the case.
Model: 「アメリカとしてわけではない
Not all Americans speak English as their native language.
ように 7 63
Meaning(s): In the hopes that A, in order for A, Please do/don't A, As was written/said/etc. in A
Model: 「いつも使えるようにそのいてきなさい
Keep the encyclopedia on your desk so you can always use it.
ようがない/ようもない 4 19
Meaning(s): There is no method/way to do A
Model: 「そのまたなったようない
That company once again went into the red. It is beyond saving.
からには 4 15
Meaning(s): Now that A, since A (has been done), so long as A
Model: 「することしたからにはしなきゃ
I decided to participate in the Sports day next month, so I gotta exercise!
からすると 2 25
Meaning(s): Considering A...; Thinking about A...
Model: 「あのからするとしたみたい
Judging from the behavior of those two, they probably fought some time ago.
からして 4 36
Meaning(s): From the (single) example A, you can tell B
Model: 「そのからしてグループけられるであった
From that conclusion the family could be divided into two groups.
から見れば 1 19
Meaning(s): If you think from the standpoint of A
Model: 「からればこの宿ちょっとしい
If you think about the students, I think this homework is a a little much.
てからでないと 3 17
Meaning(s): Until A is done, B doesn't occur/can't be done.
Model: 「ってからないえない
If you don't have proof you are an adult, you can't buy alcohol.
からいって 0 17
Meaning(s): If you think about/consider A
からといって 3 13
Meaning(s): With only A, it is not enough, so B
Model: 「からいってステーキようなだけべるわけない
Just because I'm rich doesn't mean that I just eat expensive food like steak!
さえ~ば 5 44
Meaning(s): If only A/B, then C, If only A occurs, then B
Model: 「あとさえあればこのゾンビコスチュームえます
If I only had 500 more yen, I could buy this zombie costume.
さえ/にさえ/でさえ 2 46
Meaning(s): Even A
Model: 「さえこれめるからあなたなければ
Even kids can read this so it'll be bad if you can't.
上で 4 33
Meaning(s): First A (is done, often in preparation), then B, Indicates an important purpose/goal A
Model: 「んだける
After the teacher reads the essay twice, he'll give it a grade.
上は 3 12
Meaning(s): Because of A, B can't be helped/is expected.
Model: 「するめたどおりにかなければりません
I decided to attend the meeting, so I have to be on time.
上に 4 17
Meaning(s): Not only A, but B as well
Model: 「だっただった
Yesterday was good weather, plus I got the day off from work.
0 12
Meaning(s): From the standpoint of A
かのようだ 3 37
Meaning(s): It's as if A
Model: 「んでからようわれた
After the rain stopped, a rainbow appeared, like the sky was smiling.
かと思ったら/かと思うと 2 20
Meaning(s): Athough A, B., As soon as I noticed A, B, almost immediately after A, B
Model: 「ごしたけどからいたったらってしまったした
We spent three weeks together, but it felt like she had just arrived from overseas when she left.
かといえば 0 10
Meaning(s): Although A is expected, B results.
か~ないかのうちに 3 16
Meaning(s): Right after A, C
Model: 「きるきないからあります
His vice is that he starts drinking alcohol as soon as he gets up every morning.
に限って/に限り 5 28
Meaning(s): Only A (A is a special condition)
Model: 「100サービスげます
The first 100 people will receive a coupon.
に限らず 2 19
Meaning(s): Not only A, but B also
Model: 「このらずにもがある
This TV show is popular not just with kids but with adults as well.
に限る 2 20
Meaning(s): A is the best (action)
Model: 「ビール
Nothing beats a big glass of beer in summer.
とは限らない 4 26
Meaning(s): A is not 100%; there are exceptions
Model: 「このずしもらない
This answer may not necessarily be wrong.
しか~ない 7 137
Meaning(s): Only A, no more than A, There's only A; Only A can be done; Only A (of many methods)
Model: 「パソコンそうのでこのしかない
The computer seems to be broken, so I have to write this letter by hand (that's all I can do).
てしょうがない/てしかたがない 5 12
Meaning(s): Very A; Really A; Extremely A
Model: 「パーティなくてしくてしょうがない
Ah, it's really a shame that I can't make it to the party!
っこない 4 18
Meaning(s): A is definitely not possible.
Model: 「してこのまでっこない
Even if I pulled an all-nighter, I couldn't finish this book by tomorrow!
ほかない 2 13
Meaning(s): There are no other methods except for A
Model: 「ってこなかったのでよりない
I didn't bring a map, so I have no choice but to find the address myself.
に違いない 7 16
Meaning(s): Without a doubt, A
Model: 「これダイヤモンドない
This must be a real diamond.
かねない 7 19
Meaning(s): There is a fear/chance of A (happening)
Model: 「スキャンダルねない
Scandal could expose the lie.
てたまらない 7 20
Meaning(s): Very A; Extremely A; Really want to do A
Model: 「コンサートきたくてたまらない
I really, really want to go to the next concert!
ずにはいられない/ないではいられない 4 23
Meaning(s): Can't help but A; A is unavoidable
Model: 「そのわないいられない
Every time I hear that song, I can't help but sing.
きれない 4 28
Meaning(s): Can't finish/complete A
Model: 「このれない
I can't carry all this baggage.
ざるをえない 11 18
Meaning(s): Only A is left to do/can be done
Model: 「きなCDいたいいましたないのでまざるえない
I wanted to buy my favorite singer's CD but because I have no money all I can do is steal it.
にほかならない 4 13
Meaning(s): Only A
Model: 「そのしなくていいならないから
Don't mind that foreigner's rude words. It's nothing more than a cultural difference.
にすぎない 6 17
Meaning(s): Only A; No more than A
Model: 「それぎない
It is merely an imitation pearl.
うではないか/うじゃないか 3 22
Meaning(s): Let's go A; Why don't we A?
Model: 「なくないからそのろうではないか
It's not dangerous, so why don't we sled on the snowy hill?
てならない 1 16
Meaning(s): Very A; Extremely A
Model: 「にはまだきているえてならない
I can't help thinking Father is still alive.
べきだ/べきではない 4 45
Meaning(s): Should do A; Must do A, Should not do A; Must not do A
Model: 「べるべき
You should eat 3 meals a day.
かねる 5 13
Meaning(s): Can't do A
Model: 「そのかねますのでまでさい
Because we are unable to provide such approval, please wait till the director comes back
がたい 2 28
Meaning(s): Hard to do A (almost impossible to A)
Model: 「あなたこと
It is difficult to believe what you say.
くらいだ/ぐらいだ 1 121
Meaning(s): So A, to the extent A, A non-exact amount A, Around/about A, At least A
Model: 「あなたにはしてくらい
I cannot thank you enough.
ぬく 3 17
Meaning(s): Do A until the end/last.
Model: 「んでいたとしてぬいた
I worked hard as a teacher when I lived in Japan (until I came back).
掛ける 0 30
Meaning(s): Do A towards someone., In the middle of A..., A little more A
うる/えない 8 21
Meaning(s): A is possible; A can be done., A is not possible.
Model: 「をすれば殿えること
If you study Japanese for three years at a university, it is possible to be able to converse with the fluency of a Japanese person.
つつある 5 19
Meaning(s): In the middle of A; in the process of A
Model: 「からあのファンつつある
That actor's fans have continued to increase since last year.
に決まっている 4 13
Meaning(s): A is a given; A must be the case.
Model: 「れたカレーまっている
I forgot to add meat to the curry, it's going to taste awful!
恐れがある 3 15
Meaning(s): There is a chance of A (A is a bad/negative result)
Model: 「そううなするある
Such an accident is likely to happen again.
だらけだ 5 21
Meaning(s): Lots/tons of A (negative situation)
Model: 「だらけけどとかているようです
Although there are a lot of errors in my Japanese, it seems somehow that the other party can understand it.
がちです/がちになる 3 21
Meaning(s): A tends to become/happen/occur.
Model: 「そのがち
Those students are apt to make the same mistakes.
きりだ 3 17
Meaning(s): After A, B continues unchanged
Model: 「きりきていない
Ever since the train accident, he's just been sleeping in the hospital, and hasn't woken up once.


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