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Genki II (3rd Edition) > Lesson 21

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て 居いる 
1. Describes a state after the action A takes place.
彼 女 は 子 供 が 生 ま れ て 喜 ん で 居 ま す 。 
She is delighted to have had a child.
Discussion & Notes (3)
て あ る 
1. Describes a state after the action A takes place.
The action was done intentionally by someone.
住 所 が 葉書 に 書 い て 有 る の で 、 忘 れ な い 様 に メ モ 為 て お い て 。 
The address is written on the postcard, so please make a note of it so you don't forget it.
Discussion & Notes (2)
Passive
1. Be A-ed (Passive tense), when the action is directed at the subject.
When included, the agent of the action is marked with に
此 の 車 は 十 年 前 に 作 ら れ ま し た 。 
This car was made ten years ago.
Discussion & Notes (3)
Passive
1. A is done, A happens
The action is not usually directed at the subject, but has a negative/undesirable connotation.
外 で 遊 ん で 居 る 最 中 、 雨 に 降 ら れ た ！ 
While I was playing outside it started to rain!
Discussion & Notes (1)
くする／にする
1. To make A; To change into A.
This displays the changing of the state or condition of something. The change is done by the subject.
其 の 少 年 は 大人 を 馬 鹿 に す る 。 
The boy makes a fool of adults.
Discussion & Notes (5)
間
1. During A
The phrase that follows 間 is a continuous action that continues during the period/action A. This differs from 間に, which shows a single, instantaneous action that occurs before the time frame ends.
私 が 夕 飯 を 作 る 間 、 弟 は テ レ ビ を 見 て 居 ま し た 。 
My brother was watching TV while I was cooking dinner.
Discussion & Notes (2)
間に
1. During A (before A is finished/over)
The phrase that follows 間に is a single action that occurs during A; specifically, before A finishes. This differs from 間, which shows a continuous action that occurs during the entirety of the action A.
校 長 先 生 が 話 し て 居 る 間 に 、 其 の 生 徒 は 逃 げ 出 し ま し た 。 
The student ran away sometime while the principal was talking.
Discussion & Notes (0)
て 欲ほし い 
1. I want (person, thing) A to B (action)
Used to describe what you want someone else to do.
此 の 書 類 を 今 す ぐ 彼 女 に 届 け て 欲 し い 。 
I want you to take this paper to her right away.
Discussion & Notes (3)
に 
1. Used with passive verbs to identify who/what is doing the action
咲子さきこは 良 く 先 生 に 呼 ば れ て 、 叱 ら れ て 居 た 。 
Sakiko was often called and scolded by the teacher.
Discussion & Notes (0)
ないでほしい
1. Want A to not B
此 の 部屋 で タ バ コ を 吸 わ な い で 欲 し い で す 。 
I don't want you to smoke in this room.
Discussion & Notes (1)
Passive
1. A does B
The passive form can be used as an honorific form, so A would be someone above the speaker (boss, customer, etc.)
彼 が 運 転 さ れ ま し た 。 
He drove.
Discussion & Notes (1)
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