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N5 grammar ordered by difficulty - perfect for adding to a schedule!
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がある
1. A has B
B is an inanimate object or abstract thing (event, idea, etc.) . It cannot be used for people or animals.
彼 女 は 料 理 の 才 能 が ある 。 
She has cooking skills.
がいる
1. There is/are A
A is a person or animal. Cannot be used for things.
公 園 に 犬 の 親 子 が いる 。 
There's a dog and their pup at the park.
がある
1. There is/are A
A is an inanimate object or abstract thing (event, idea, etc.) . It cannot be used for people or animals.
テ ー ブ ル に りんご が ある 。 
There is an apple on the table.
をください
1. Please give me A
辛 い 食 べ 物 を 食 べ た い か ら 、 カレー を ください 。 
I want to eat spicy food, so give me curry please.
ます/ません
1. Polite, present form of verb A
今日 は 、 会 議 に は 出 ま せ ん 。 
Today, I cannot attend the meeting.
と
1. A and B (and C,etc..)
Gives a complete list. The final と may be omitted.
この パ ン と 、 こっち の ケ ー キ 、 どちらも 食 べ た い で す 。 
I want to eat both this bread and this cake.
か
1. A or B
Shows a pair of choices between two objects, descriptions, or actions.
私 は 京 都 か 大 阪 に 旅 行 に 行 き た い 。 
I want to travel to Kyoto or Osaka.
か
1. Forms the question form of the sentence A
お 婆 さ ん は お 元 気 で す か 。 
Is Grandma doing well?
で
1. At A; in A
Shows the location A that an action/event takes place.
近 所 の ス ー パ ー で 懐 か し い 友 達 に 会 い ま し た 。 
I met a dear friend of mine at a supermarket nearby.
に
1. In A; on A; at A
Used when describing the existence/presence of something.
私 の 部屋 に 可愛 い 猫 が います 。 
There is a cute cat in my room.
に
1. To A; towards A; on A
大 阪 に 行 き た い 。 
I wanna go to Osaka.
に
1. At A (time)
This can be used with an actual time (xx:yy), day, month, etc.
会 議 は 五 時 か ら に 変 更 で す 。 
The change is for the meeting to start from five.
を
1. A is the direct object of a transitive verb
ミ ル ク を 飲 み な さ い ！ 
Drink the milk!
も
1. Also A; A as well
きっと 彼 も 同 じ ように 思 っ た で し ょ う 。 
Surely he too felt the same way.
の
1. A's B (shows possession)
彼 女 の パ ソ コ ン は 古 い 。 
Her computer is old.
くらい／ぐらい
1. A non-exact amount A; Around/about A
When used with question pronouns, means "around how much/many/etc".
３ 分 く ら い で カ ッ プ ラ ー メ ン が できる よ 。 
You can make cup ramen in about three minutes.
でしょう
1. I think A; Probably A
多 分 彼 ら は 車 で 来 る で し ょ う 。 
Probably they will come by car.
てください
1. Please do A
もう 一 度 、 ゆ っ く り 言 っ て ください 。 
Would you say it slowly again please?
ないでください
1. Please don't do A
教 室 の 中 で 食 べ 物 を 食 べ な い で ください 。 
Please do not eat food in the classroom.
ましょう
1. Let's A (together)
Can mean "I'll A" when the subject is 1st person such as 私/わたし
駅 の 前 で 会 い ま し ょ う 。 
Let's meet in front of the station.
ましょうか
1. Shall I/we A?
ね 、 一 緒 に 行 き ま し ょ う ？ 
Hey, shall we go together?
ませんか
1. Let's A (together, polite); Would you like to A; Won't you A?
明日 、 一 緒 に 映 画 を 見 ま せ ん か 。 
Would you like to see a movie together tomorrow？
ている
1. A-ing (Progressive tense)
家 族 は こちら に 向 か っ て います 。 
The family is heading this way.
前に
1. Before A (occurs/happens), B
運 動 し 始 め る 前 に ス ト レ ッ チ を して ください 。 
Please stretch before you begin to work out.
たい
1. Want to A
有 名 な 人 の 中 で 、 誰 と 会 い た い ？ 
Which famous person do you want to meet? (Lit: Out of famous people, who do you want to meet?)
や
1. A and B (shows a non-exhaustive list of items)
Implies that there are more in the list than are given in the sentence.
多 く の 子 供 は ピ ー マ ン や にんじん が 嫌 い だ 。 
Many children hate green peppers and carrots.
ました/ませんでした
1. Polite, past form of verb A
そのように 説 明 を 受 け て い ま し た 。 
That's how it was explained to me.
後で
1. After A
朝 ご 飯 を 食 べ 終 わ っ た あとで お 風 呂 に 入 り ま し た 。 
I took a bath after I finished eating breakfast.
から
1. From A, Since A
Marks the source (time or place) A where an action began.
昨日 か ら 雪 が 降 っ て い ま す 。 
It's been snowing since yesterday.
から
1. Because A
彼 は 、 成 功 し た ベンチャービジネスの 社 長 だ か ら 、 すごい 金 持 ち に 違 い な い 。 
He must be super rich because he runs a successful venture business company.
なる
1. To become A
彼 女 は お 酒 を 飲 み す ぎ る と 、 顔 が 真っ赤 に なる 。 
When she drinks too much alcohol, her face turns completely red.
になる
1. To change into A
がほしい
1. I want A
子 供 の 時 、 馬 が 欲 し か っ た で す 。 
When I was a child, I wanted a horse.
時
1. At the time A
その 時 パ レ ー ド が 通 り 過 ぎ て いった 。 
There was a parade going by at the time.
まだ～いる
1. A still exists; still doing A; A is still occuring
桃 が まだ 4 個 ある 。 
There are still four peaches.
まだ～いません
1. Haven't done A yet
この 映 画 は まだ 見 て い な い 。 
I haven't seen this movie yet.
が
1. Marks the subject A in the sentence
すみません 、 私 が お 皿 を 割 り ま し た 。 
I'm sorry; I broke the plate.
あまり~ない
1. Not very A; doesn't do A very much (only a little)
Shows a very small degree/amount of a noun, adjective, or action.
この ラーメン は あまり おいしくない ね … 。 
This ramen isn't very delicious..
にする
1. To choose A (when ordering/choosing)
コーヒー は ど ん な 風 に しましょう か 。 濃 い ブ ラ ッ ク が い い で す か 。 
How do you like your coffee? Strong and black?
も
1. Nothing/no one/nobody (A)
A is the question term such as nothing, no one, nowhere, etc (だれ+も = no one, なに+も = nothing). This is followed by a negative statement B that links to A
何 事 も な く 、 無 事 に 戻 り ま し た 。 
I (they) returned safely without incident.
で
1. Used after nouns/な-adjectives to link a list of adjectives and/or nouns
彼 は 健 康 で 丈 夫 だ 。 
He is strong and healthy.
で
1. Do B by using the object A; Do B by means of A
京 都 まで 車 で 行 こ う と 思 い ま す 。 
I think i will go to Kyoto by car.
と
1. With A; to A
A is often a person, shows a action/state shared by 2 people/things
私 は 彼 と 映 画 に 行 き ま し た 。 
I went to a movie with him.
か
1. Some A; Any A (somebody, somewhere, sometime, somehow, etc.)
だれか が 私 を 呼 ん で い る ようだ 。 
It seems like someone is calling me.
ている
1. Describes a state after the action A takes place.
彼 女 は 子 供 が 生 ま れ て 喜 ん で い ま す 。 
She is delighted to have had a child.
ながら
1. While A, B
Both actions A and B are occuring at the same time. Emphasis is placed on the second action (B) in the sentence.
すごい ！ 田 中 さ ん は ジ ャ ン プ を しながら 歌 い ま す ！ 
Wow! Mr. Tanaka is jumping while he sings.
Present (Non-past) Casual
1. Casual, present (non-past) positive form of A
彼 は パ ン を 食 べ る 。 
He eats bread.
Present (Non-past) Casual
1. Casual, present (non-past) negative form of A
子 供 が 病 気 だ か ら 、 学 校 に 行 か な い 。 
The child is sick and won't go to school.
Past Casual
1. Casual, past positive form of A
駅 まで 歩 い た 。 
I walked to the station.
Past Casual
1. Casual, past negative form of A
パ ー テ ィ ー に 行 か な か っ た 。 
I didn't go to the party.
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