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History > Historical Terms - Military, Government, & Politics

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足あし軽がる
(noun) (historical term) common foot soldier (feudal Japan), samurai of the lowest rank

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将しょう軍ぐん

(noun) general; (abbreviation) (historical term) shogun
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ジェン~1984
Level: 551
Leaders 将 of the army 軍 used to carry swords, now they carry SHOUtGUNs.
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Sentences

将 軍 は 兵 士 を 巴里 に 集 結 為 た 。 
The general concentrated the soldiers in Paris.
将 軍 は 私 た ち と 握 手 を 為 た 。 
The general shook hands with us.
彼 は 偉 大 な 将 軍 で 政 治 家 で も あ っ た 。 
He was a great general and statesman.
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幕ばく府ふ

(noun) (historical term) shogunate, bakufu; (historical term) shogun's headquarters; (historical term) Imperial Guards office, residence of the Imperial Guards commander
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ポールおじちゃん
Level: 1767
Shadow government
Mnemonic
8
0
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sena_ix
Level: 578
Get back(ばく) you fool(ふ), that's the SHOGUNATE!
Mnemonic
1
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ジェン~1984
Level: 551
When you think the shokun is an idiot you reFUr to him as BAKU.
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1
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徳川とくがわ幕 府 は １８６８ 年 に 終 わりを 告 げ た 。 
The Tokugawa Shogunate came to an end in 1868.
別べっ当とう
(noun) groom, footman, stableman, equerry; steward, intendant; (archaism) head of an institution, esp. religious, head of one institution serving also as the head of another

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奉ぶ行ぎょう
(noun/する verb) (historical term) magistrate, shogunate administrator
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ナンセンスユーザー
Level: 1314
Generally folks who were administering shrines and temples during Edo period.
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Rosyth
Level: 70
Pitch accent: ぶ＼ぎょう.
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2
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武ぶ士し

Accent: ぶし
(noun) samurai, warrior
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catboardbako
Level: 457
A cunning warrior waits for their foes in a BUSHI.
Mnemonic
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Sentences

貧 し い 武 士 は 本 業 の 傍 ら 、 畑 を 作 っ て 居 る こと も 有 っ た 。 
Besides their main occupation, poor samurai would also tend to the fields.
江 戸 時 代 、 武 士 は 刀 を 二 本 差 し て 居 た 。 
A samurai in the Edo Era carried two swords.
武士もののふ
(noun) (poetical) warrior, soldier, samurai

Usage notes
武ぶ士し道どう
(noun) Bushido, samurai code of chivalry

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町ちょう人にん
(noun) (historical term) chōnin (Edo-period social class of town-dwelling commoners, esp. landowning merchants), townspeople, townsfolk, tradespeople

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大だい名みょう

(noun) (historical term) daimyo (Japanese feudal lord)
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ギョルギ九十三
Level: 717
Kanji literally mean "great/important name", 大 (だい) + 名 (みょう)
Mnemonic
2
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Rosyth
Level: 70
Pitch accent: だいみょ＼う.
Other
4
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Sentences

彼 の 大 名 が １０万 石 を 領 す る 。 
That daimyo holds a fief yielding 100,000 koku of rice.
日 本 の 封 建 時 代 に は 、 最 大 の 土 地 を 所 有 為 た 領 主 は 「 大 名 」 と 呼 ば れ た 。 
In feudal Japan, the lord with the largest land holdings was called a "daimyo."
江え戸ど

(noun) (historical term) Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo), Yedo
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Shamugan
Level: 747
Literally 東 East 京 Capital, or Capital of the East with a proper translation.
Before, it was named 江戸 (Edo) but after 1865, the city change its name after the imperial family moved there. Hence the name of 東京 by opposition with 京都 (Kyoto), the old capital, more in the west of the country.
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昔 は 、 人 々 は 江 戸 か ら 京 都 迄 歩 い た 。 
In the olden days people walked from Edo to Kyoto.
外 国 人 の 一 団 が 江 戸 、 詰 ま り 東 京 に 到 着 為 た 。 
A group of foreigners arrived in Edo, i.e. Tokyo.
譜ふ代だい
(noun) successive generations; (historical term) (abbreviation) hereditary daimyo whose ancestors supported Tokugawa Ieyasu prior to the battle of Sekigahara

Usage notes
外がい国こく奉ぶ行ぎょう U
(noun) magistrate in charge of foreign affairs at the end of the Edo period appointed by the Tokugawa shogunate

Usage notes
元げん老ろう
(noun) elder statesman, doyen, old-timer, authority; (historical term) genrō (member of a pre-WWII body that informally advised the emperor)

Usage notes
御ご家け人にん
(noun) (historical term) immediate vassal (of the shogun; Kamakura and Muromachi periods); (historical term) low-ranking vassal (of the shogun; Edo period)

Usage notes
御ご三さん家け
(noun) three branches of the Tokugawa family (Owari, Kii and Mito); big three, top three

Usage notes
御ご三さん卿きょう
(noun) three secondary Tokugawa branch families (Tayasu, Shimizu, and Hitotsubashi)

Usage notes
御ご所しょ

(noun) imperial palace (esp. Kyoto Imperial Palace), imperial residence, residence of a shogun, minister, etc.; (honorific) emperor, ex-emperor, empress, imperial prince, shogun, minister
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DavisGSee
Level: 806
The most honourable (御) place (所).
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Sentences

私 は 彼 を 京 都 御 所 に 連 れ て い き ま し た 。 
I took him to the Kyoto Imperial Palace.
豪ごう族ぞく
(noun) powerful family, powerful clan

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藩はん
(noun) (historical term) han (estate of a daimyo in the Edo and early Meiji periods), feudal domain, fief, province

Usage notes
藩はん札さつ
(noun) (historical term) paper money issued by a feudal domain

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平へい安あん京きょう
(noun) (historical term) Heian-kyō, former name of Kyoto, capital city of Japan from 794 to 1869

Usage notes
地じ頭とう
(noun) lord of a manor; estate steward

Usage notes
承久の乱じょうきゅうのらん
(noun) (historical term) Jōkyū War (1221), Jōkyū Disturbance, Jōkyū Rebellion

Usage notes
旗はた本もと
(noun) shogunal vassal, direct retainer of a shogun

Usage notes
関かん白ぱく
(noun) chief advisor to the Emperor (adviser)

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管かん領りょう
(noun/する verb) (person in) control

Usage notes
家け人にん
(noun) retainer, vassal, servant

Usage notes
石こく
(noun) koku, traditional unit of volume, approx. 180.4 litres; measure of a Japanese-style boat's loading capacity (approx. 278.26 liters)
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ポールおじちゃん
Level: 1767
When we had the septic tank emptied, the receipt showed the volume extracted in koku, e.g., 六石.
How to use
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compmyon
Level: 1428
Most traditional units are not frequently used, but here are some that may be nice to know:

- 寸/すん, a bit over an inch.
- 尺/しゃく, equal to 10寸 or a bit under a foot, or about half a 尺八, which is 1尺8寸.

- 畳/じょう, area of a tatami mat.
- 坪/つぼ, area of two tatami mats.

- 合/ごう, about 180 mL, the serving size of rice or sake.
- 升/しょう, equal to 10合 or about 1800 mL, sake is commonly sold as an 一升瓶.
- 石/こく, about 180L, used for rice yield, especially in feudal Japan where it measured income, with 1石 being enough to feed a person for a year.
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Sentences

彼 の 大 名 が １０万 石 を 領 す る 。 
That daimyo holds a fief yielding 100,000 koku of rice.
公く方ぼう
(noun) public affairs, the court, the shogun, the shogunate

Usage notes
公く卿ぎょう
(noun) (historical term) high-ranking court noble, senior court official, kugyō

Usage notes
応おう仁にんの 乱らん
(noun) (historical term) Ōnin War (1467-1477)

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連れん署しょ
(noun/する verb) joint signature

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律令りつりょう
(noun) (historical term) ritsuryō, criminal, administrative and civil codes of the Nara and Heian eras based on Chinese models

Usage notes
老ろう中じゅう
(noun) member of shogun's council of elders

Usage notes
浪ろう人にん

(noun/する verb) ronin, masterless samurai; high school graduate waiting for another chance to enter university after having failed the yearly entrance examination; person out of work, jobless person; (archaism) wanderer, drifter (orig. meaning)
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eksvie
Level: 111
It is also used in modern japanese defining a person that failed to enter next level education or choose to retake exam again studying out of official education system for better opportunities.
How to use
14
0
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ハムラ
Level: 1118
A wanderer is always roaming (ろうにん).
Mnemonic
4
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Sentences

浪 人 と な っ た 侍 を 哀 れ み こ そ す れ 、 憎 し み は 抱 い て 居 な い 。 
I have pity for those samurai who became ronin (wandering without a master), and I hold no hatred for them at all.
左さ大だい臣じん
(noun) Minister of the Left (official in Nara and Heian periods)

Usage notes
鎖さ国こく

(noun/する verb) national isolation, closing the country (to foreigners); (historical term) sakoku, policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
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RisingFrcTen
Level: 478
Close the country (国) off using hundreds of kilometers of chain (鎖) so that no foreigner would enter it under any pretext.
Mnemonic
5
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Sentences

まぁ 、 日 本 も 鎖 国 為 て 居 た 訳 だ し なあ 。 
Well, after all Japan also cut itself off from the world.
侍さむらい

Accent: さむらい
(noun) (historical term) warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period), samurai

Usage notes

Sentences

『 鶯 侍 』 人 間 愛 と ユ ー モ ア 溢 れ る 侍 物語 。 
"The Nightingale Samurai" A samurai tale full of humanity and humour.
浪 人 と な っ た 侍 を 哀 れ み こ そ す れ 、 憎 し み は 抱 い て 居 な い 。 
I have pity for those samurai who became ronin (wandering without a master), and I hold no hatred for them at all.
侍さぶらい
(noun) (historical term) warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period), samurai; (archaism) man in attendance (on a person of high standing), retainer

Usage notes
参さん勤きん交こう代たい
(noun) (historical term) daimyo's alternating Edo residence, official attendance service (by a daimyo in the Edo period)

Usage notes
切せっ腹ぷく
(noun/する verb) seppuku, harakiri, ritual suicide by disembowelment; (historical term) seppuku as a death penalty (where the convict is decapitated by a second as they make the motions to disembowel themself; Edo period)
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スーン (UNQSPM)
Level: 238
腹切り is commonly used by foreigners, but Japanese people use the word 切腹, which sounds more honorable and ritualistic.
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3
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摂せっ政しょう
(noun) regency, regent
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ポールおじちゃん
Level: 1767
Surrogate government
Mnemonic
0
0
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執しっ権けん
(noun) regent to the shogunate

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執しつ事じ
(noun) steward, butler; court official; (Christianity) deacon (Anglican, Lutheran, etc.)

Usage notes
士し族ぞく
(noun) family of samurai lineage, person with samurai ancestors; (historical term) shizoku, the second of three official classes in Japan in 1869-1947, consisting of former samurai

Usage notes
守しゅ護ご

(noun/する verb) protection, safeguard; shugo (Kamakura or Muromachi period military governor)
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Rdelav
Level: 365
守護天使 guardian angel
守護精霊 guardian spirti
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3
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太たい閤こう
(noun) (honorific) taikō (esp. Toyotomi Hideyoshi), title for a regent, later for the grand chancellor, also for the father of an Imperial adviser (advisor) who passed the role to his son

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大たい老ろう
(noun) (Edo-period) chief minister

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外と様ざま
(noun) outsider, one not included in the favored group; (historical term) (abbreviation) outside daimyo, non-Tokugawa daimyo

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