Given example sentence is the alternative reading of 他 (ほか), so it shouldn't be here. It is advised to not study this flashcard and instead read/learn upon 他の and その他 instead.

Both の and こと turn verbs into nouns, but they feel different:
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こと is more conceptual and abstract. It treats the action as a general idea and sounds more detached. It's often used for information, ideas, or facts.

の feels more direct and personal. It points to the actual action as it happens. It sounds more immediate, and it's commonly used for things you directly see, hear, feel, or control.
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→ 私は死ぬことが怖い = "I'm afraid of death"
Here, the action is treated as a general concept.

→ 私は死ぬのが怖い = "I'm afraid of dying"
This feels more immediate and personal, as if you're afraid of dying rather than death as an abstract idea.
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The difference becomes clearer with direct perception. When you directly witness something, you usually use の.

→ 私は子どもが泣いているのを見た = "I saw a child crying"
What you saw wasn't the concept of a child crying—you saw the action itself.

The same contrast appears with hearing, especially when comparing direct perception and reported information.

→ 火山が噴火したことを聞いた = What you heard was the news of the volcano erupting.
Here, you received information about the event.

→ 火山が噴火したのを聞いた = You were there when the volcano erupted. You directly heard it.
In this case, you experienced the sound itself.
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Finally, when talking about actions you can directly control, の is usually preferred.
→ 酒を飲むのをやめた = "I quit drinking"

Here, the action feels concrete and personally managed rather than abstract.
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Quick rule of thumb:

Directly experienced / immediate / personal → の
Abstract / conceptual / informational → こと

Source: part of this video: [www.youtube.com]

About 人 vs 人間 when referring to someone

人間 feels more impersonal and evaluative, as if you're judging someone's nature rather than just referring to them. Because of that, it often comes across as negative when talking about someone directly.

私はあの人が好きです ✅ — I like that person
私はあの人が嫌いです ✅ — I dislike that person
私はあの人間が好きです ❌ — (weird / unnatural)
私はあの人間が嫌いです ✅ — I dislike that person (human being)

あの人は優しいです ✅ — That person is kind
あの人間は優しいです ❌ — (weird / unnatural)

冷たい人 ✅ — Cold person
冷たい人間 ✅ — Cold person (human being) - more condemning / judging their nature

あいつは信用できない人間だ ✅ — He's not someone you can trust (adds weight, like you're judging their nature)

彼はそういう人です ✅ — can be positive or negative – He's that kind of person
彼はそういう人間です ✅ — usually negative – He's that kind of person (human being)

Source: [japanese.stackexchange.com]

You say "hi" (ひ) to (と) another person when you meet them.

Only (people) can make music hits!(ひと)

The kanji looks like a person walking.

The Kanji Looks like a person, But if There is no Kanji, The "Hi"symbol looks like a person with their arms up.

“He’s the person.”
Think: he → ひ (hi), and person → that’s the ひと (hito) you’re pointing at.

In the Kansai dialect, ちがう is often contracted to ちゃう

Used for saying that someone’s understanding is wrong, used with nouns:
これはペンですか？　
いいえ、違います。

Incorrect if used as a response to the following questions:
おいしいですか？ (adjective)
食べますか？ (verb)

— from Try! JLPT N5

Check out this guy being all different!
ちかう

How to remember 偉い and 違う: think of 韋 not as tanned leather (the actual radical meaning), but as peculiar/different. A person different from the average is outstanding, extraordinary (偉い). If they they stretch it too far, (it's a very intense difference), it's perceived as wrong (違う)

CHIGAU: in CHIGAgo U can watch streetart and hiphop peformances, in which the city differs from places like Lubbock TX, which according to bussines insider is the most boring city in America. *

*info from the web, I've never been in America. If you know love a message to hear if it holds treu.

The pizzas in Chicago (ChiGaU) are different than those in New York

Lychee is ladygaga's umami flavor which differ from the public taste buds.

ちゃう is the colloquial abbreviation of 違う.
Originally, more common in Kansai dialect.

Husband might call his wife with this and a wife might call him "あなた" as a way to say "Honey" or "Dear"

From Niko: NHS
’Until you get very, very good at Japanese and can discern the nuances and politeness of various words in a given situation, I would avoid using this... and just about any word for "you," really’.

Kimi ni todoke (君に届け) = from me to YOU

My worry is I'll get lost in the *surroundings*

MAWARI (my worry) is about the circumference of my stomach

The police officer (お巡りさん / おまわりさん) walks the circumference (周り / まわり) of the building.

Circles are marui (round) and have a mawari (circumference)

The police officer お巡りさん / おまわりさん experienced an increase in "girth" from eating too many donuts.

A: "Did he just perform a full circumference MAWAshi geRI?"
B: "... that's not how you measure the girth!"

色 (いろ) — everyday word for "colour".
色彩 (しきさい) — more technical / artistic, used when talking about colour as a design or visual concept.

You'll often hear it in art, design, printing, and other professional contexts where colour is treated technically or aesthetically.

Uncle Iroh is a colourful character.

The power rangers are h(ERO)s that come in a wide variety of colors.

People with an IROquois haircut are often colorful.

When I look at a rainbow, I see three colors: (i)ndigo, (r)ed, and (o)range.

y'see your expression 目色 is all about the colour 色 in your eyes 目

A bit of interesting info about colours in Japanese:

In early Japanese, there were basically only four core colour words — 赤 (red), 青 (blue), 白 (white), 黒 (black). Other colours existed, but these were the main ones used as proper colour adjectives. For example, green was traditionally grouped under 青, which is why things like traffic lights are still 青 today.

Words like 緑 (green) existed earlier on, but they weren't fully treated as independent colour terms until much later (around the medieval period). That's also why only those four can *naturally turn into -い adjectives: 赤い、青い、白い、黒い.

*Things like 黄色い and 茶色い are derived forms.

To quote Cure Dolly: 'anything contained in the は particle only 'flags' what the sentence is talking about, and is never part of the grammatical structure as a whole.'

[youtu.be]

Can be used like “Xは?: As for X?” Usually used when asking for opinion of someone or when a customer is asked what they would like. Very contextual can be used in many senses like “Where?” “What?” Or even complex sentences.

Other particles like も can be used similarly, but this particle directly uses the information from the conversation to ask about another thing/situation. Similar to “What about” in “Mom is at home.” “What about Dad?”.

Pronounced as "wa" (not "ha") when used as the topic-marking particle.

Please note this word is NOT used for describing a visually unclear, foggy, or blurry physical subject, even if that's a helpful mnemonic/picture. I was told it's used for more abstract ideas which are ambiguous, like what a person is really feeling or the best thing to do in a difficult situation.

Try not to be so vague! I might (あいまい）misunderstand you.

things become unclear曖when its too dark.昧

Love(ai) like (mai)ne is VAGUE and SHADY.

My eye-s (まいあい) are unclear (あいまい).

Person を Event に 誘う→To invite a person to an event

Eg: ジョンさんはマリさんを映画に誘いました。→John invited Mary to the movies.

Event に 遅れる→To be late for an event
Eg: 授業に遅れてはいけません
→You cannot be late for class.

You に (need) to be here AT 12!

Just for information, へ / に are used to MARK location. They are locations where the action is GOING. Whereas で is used where the action is HAPPENING/TAKING PLACE.

This verb is often used for a smaller, subtler smile, not a big grin. The Mona Lisa is a ほほえむ smile.

Santa (delicately)微 (laughed) 笑 Ho Ho {ほほ}, when his reindeer was replaced by a smiling emu {えむ}.

"Hoho, I see an emu!", he said and smiled

When you eat something tasty, your cheeks (hoho) move, you smile and you say emu (mmmh)

Used as しいんと/しーんと + する/なる. しいん is used for surrounding atmosphere, whereas そっと is used for actions.

Sounds the same as the Italian phrase "sotto voce", which has the same meaning.

To move quietly, you must use soft toes.

If you are so tall then be cautious and do things gently in Japanese house or your head will ruin ceilings

目を離す – when you accidently lose sight of something (watching over a child)
目をそらす – to avert your eyes on purpose (you happened to see a bright flash)
source: [ja.hinative.com]

やさしい Tenderness/kindness/gentleness as more of an inherent personality trait of being easy-going and not affecting others harshly. Can sometimes be seen in describing objects eg. a lotion that is gentle for the skin. (Compare with しんせつ)

易しい and 簡単 have very similar meaning, and can be used almost interchangeably in informal speech. However the former is more concerned with perceived simplicity (see also the homophone 優しい), while the latter stands for objective simplicity (very simple things, activities or even writing).

Ya saw she is kind and tender

Ya, sashi(mi) is tender!

consider the english saying "cut from the same cloth" or "to be cut out for". In this case being cut from/out of something is to metaphorically possess the quality of that object being cut from. To possess the qualities of a good parent, 親切 one has the deep quality of being caring, even during times of rebuke or discipline. The kindness goes deeper than the surface-level 優しい

In French we say that eating carrots helps you to become more gentle. Maybe that's because there's only one step from やさい (vegetable) to やさしい?

As a car sped toward a girl crossing the street, a kind guy swiftly pulled her to safety, sacrificing himself in the process. In his final moments, with a bittersweet smile, he whispered, "Yes, I see.(yasashii) I guess it's over now."

Ya so sheet (saying "you're so sweet" but with your mouth full)

Being kind (優しい) is simple (易しい)

Sounds like 'Asahi' (from Haikyuu), which is a really nice and kind character

Yas(や) sa-ir(さ) shii(しい) is tender/kind
Yes sir she is tender/kind

once there was a girl who was so tender and kind she found she couldn't say no to anybody. "yasss!" said she. and even though she was deadly allergic to fish, when offered she said "yasss! sashi(mi)" and ate it and immediately died. RIP

Ya sushi (sa shi) is tender

Alternative pitch contour: やさし＼い

(consistent with other ~しい adjectives)

"U SAW nothing?!', asked the officier. "No, sir, nothing at all.'', I lied.

You lied!? You soooo (うそ) busted!

Anime: 「四月は君の*嘘* 」(しがつはきみの*うそ*) which translates to "Your *LIE* in April"

You keep telling lies, you're so (うそ) dishonest! :'(

all USOpp tells are lies

四月は君の 嘘 (うそ)
Your Lie in April

(Revised with correction from user itsdomlo)

Unlike other conditionals (e.g. れば、たら), なら is used where there is no doubt in the premise/situation of its attached condition (i.e. where the condition is treated as a given premise). It's used synonymously as "since".

E.g.
えきなら,あそこだ = "If/since it's the station, it's over there."
さくらなら、できる = "If/since it's Sakura, she can do it."
日本に行くなら、おんせんに行ってみる = "If/since you're going to Japan, go and try a hot spring."

In contrast, where the logical conclusion itself is certain, the conditional と is more appropriate.

Source: Cure Dolly Lesson 32

*IF* you go to なら you will see deer

I am no expert, but what I read and understood about なら is contrary to the "How to use" note suggested by the other user.

According to Tofugu:
"なら is attached to the sentence which describes the condition where certain events or situations happen"
Similar descriptions can also be seen in なら

So なら is not really about whether the conclusion is certain or not, it is primarily used when given a condition / context. Meanwhile if the conclusion is certain, と is more appropriate.

Can be used in a negative sense like "Im fine without it" like in the phrase いや、君の嗜好はいい "I don't care about your prefrences / Whatever you like is irrelevant / Im not asking what you like".

This is because you can use いい to dismiss while it still means "good" its more like "what you just said is good (im not talking about that though)".

when something good happens in a tv show you screech in surprise and it sounds like いい!

That’s good EEnough!

いい稲、ね？ (Good rice, huh?)

E IS GOOD LETTER

E is a really good letter, considering it's one of the most used letters in english

It's not "ii" (expression when someone finds something disgusting) but good.

“iyi” also means good in Turkish!

Also used to quote a whole clause of a sentence, similar in a way to how the particle の and the noun こと converts a clause into the equivalent of a noun.

When using と it means you are listing the items that are the only possibilities, whereas や means there are others.

(あか)と(くろ) が すき です。
(あか)や(くろ) が すき です。
Both sentence meaning the same :
I like red and black colors.

The first sentence specifically states you like red and black colors.

The second sentence states that you like red and black colors, and maybe other colors too.

It's like a partial list when using や apart from と (when using it) which you can take as a full list

TOES together with eachother

法令 = laws and regulation which include laws (法律) + cabinet orders (政令) (or ministerial orders (省令))

法律 = Basically very close to English "law" used in legal contexts. In its narrow sense, it usually refers to statutory laws prescribed under the authority of a legislature. In Japan, only National Diet have the right to create 法律 in the narrow sense. In its broader sense, it may refer to any regulations determined by various government entities, or jurisprudence in general. You can say "I major in 法律 at my university to become a lawyer", for example.

法: Has various meanings, but in legal contexts, it's a stiffer way of saying 法律.

法規: Regulation; framework of law. Usually a broader idea than 法律, and it includes not only 法律 in its narrow sense but also 条例 (regulation of local government), 制令 (government ordinance), 憲法 (constitution), etc. 法制 is another word which is very close to 法規.

規則: Rule. (Written) rules in an company, school, or a similar organizations.

ルール: Rule. It's a relatively casual word that means the same things as 規則, but ルール also typically refers to rules of sports and games.

決まり: Rule. As a 和語, it's a very broad word that sounds more casual and colloquial than 規則. It typically refers to rules within a family, among friends, etc., but in conversations, it can refer to any 法律/法規.

掟: An old word which broadly refers to rules, regulations and laws. You will see this only in historical novels and in a few idioms. Maybe "code" is similar.

規律: Discipline; organized behavior of people in accord with local laws and rules in a church, a school, an army, etc. It can also refer to a collection of such local rules if used with verbs like 守る and 従う.

法則: Laws in the sense of principle or fundamental nature of something. 重力の法則 (law of gravity), マーフィーの法則 (Murphy's law), ムーアの法則 (Moore's law), etc.

" 規則: Rule. (Written) rules in an company, school, or a similar organizations.
ルール: Rule. It's a relatively casual word that means the same things as 規則, but ルール also typically refers to rules of sports and games.
決まり: Rule. As a 和語, it's a very broad word that sounds more casual and colloquial than 規則. It typically refers to rules within a family, among friends, etc., but in conversations, it can refer to any 法律 / 法規."

Source: naruto on StackExchange

Basically pronounced "o" in this context

Person を Event に 誘う→To invite a person to an event

Eg: ジョンさんはマリさんを映画に誘いました。→John invited Mary to the movies.

Pronounced as 'O', not as 'Wo'. The sound is actually extremely close to that of お.
But to write を on a Japanese keyboard based on the English layout you will need to type 'wo'.

"O" is for "Object".

Pronounced as O, (apparently), but think of it as a man on a surfboard!
"WOw!! I can surf!!!!"

A long time ago in a land far, far away (Nara period, which wasn't that long ago) (in Japan, which isn't particularly far because plane), this was once pronounced /wo/, similar to わ. Over many (actually just nine) centuries, this slowly merged with /o/ (お) to become the を we know today around the Edo period.

It's still を when used as a particle, though every case that was once /wo/ was replaced with お when Japan decided to standardize kana.

決まる - Use this to say that something has been decided, as a passive thing. It’s intransitive, so it’s used to say “X was decided.”

決める - This form is transitive and can be used to actively say what was decided. “X decided on Y.” It focuses on the act of making a decision.

Verb + ことにする - “I’ve decided to do X.” Focus is on what the verb is instead of the decision.

Verb + ことになる - This can also be a decision but not an active decision by the speaker. Something was decided by someone else, or the circumstances turned out that way.

定める - Also means to decide, but more authoritative. This is a decision that can’t be easily changed, like a law. Less common than 決める.

定める and 定まる are typically used for things that have been set in place and cannot be changed. ex, fate or a fixed day off work.
決める and 決まる are the more common everyday words for "decide", and these aren't set in stone. ex, an aim.

The KEY {き} is to use your EYES {め} before you DECIDE.

It "killed me" (きめ)　to **decide** to leave.

A key (き), me (め), and you (る), thats all we need. Come on, let's *decide* to move in together.

A chimera (kimeru) has multiple heads. You must decide which one you attack, to clinch a victory!

"Kimeru" sounds like "Kim err".

Imagine someone named Kim, trying to make a decision but being very cautious, thinking, "I don’t want to err (make a mistake)" while deciding what to do.

Jimmy KIMMEL (きめる) can't DECIDE what to present next.

それに is kind of like saying "With that" or "to that", which is similar to besides/also.

Not only does my foot hurt, but I have a so-re knee!

それに -> To that… = in addition, also, moreover

"Leg? I thought you said it was your tummy"
"Oh, I mean it is, but I ALSO got a SORE KNEE"

Issho ni 一緒に - it's yo knee (issho ni) together with your other knee

Sore ni それに - its yo sore knee (sore ni) beside your good knee

Differences between それに、そして and それから:

それに: The topic/subject of the sentences right before and after それに is the same. For そして and それから, the topic/subject can be different.

そして: Interconnection, or cause-and-effect. The order of the sentences cannot be changed.

それから: Chronological order.

そして can be treated as a subset of それから. In most instances, both can be used interchangeably.

それ(that) に(in, on) - on (top of) that

それに　means “besides” or “moreover.” Used to introduce an aside or some new information that supports what one has just said.

keep in mind that the に in here is a particle, so you don't have to stick another one after it.

Her friends at school *𝗻𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗲* that "Kie got cool"「KIGATSUKU きがつく」new clothes.