き↑たは↓んきゅう

Person を Event に 誘う→To invite a person to an event

Eg: ジョンさんはマリさんを映画に誘いました。→John invited Mary to the movies.

Event に 遅れる→To be late for an event
Eg: 授業に遅れてはいけません
→You cannot be late for class.

You に (need) to be here AT 12!

Just for information, へ / に are used to MARK location. They are locations where the action is GOING. Whereas で is used where the action is HAPPENING/TAKING PLACE.

所 refers to a general place (also metaphorical/abstract), and is used in compounds such as 場所, which indicates a physical, literal place.
Other possible ambiguities: 位置 which means a place on a map or a position, and 余地, margins or scope.

There is only one (ichi) place (ichi) I call home

Various verbs for putting things on one's body (unrelated senses not mentioned):
- 着る: To wear upper body or full body clothing, usually through arm sleeves. It is used more generally when used with clothing in general e.g. 服を着る, when used in compounds such as 着こなす, 着込む, etc., in certain collocations, and other cases.
- 履く: To wear on the feet, such as shoes and socks.
- 穿く: To wear lower body clothing, such as pants and skirts. Usually kana.
- 掛ける: To hook/hang something on one's body, such as glasses, bags, pendants. Usually kana.
- 被る: To wear on/cover the head/face, such as hats and masks.
- 嵌める: To put on something that envelops, such as rings and gloves. Usually kana.
- 羽織る: To wear items not through sleeves, but e.g. by putting on one's shoulders and fastening buttons, such as coats and gowns. See 羽織.
- 着ける: To wear something, encompasses 着る, はく, etc. and includes accessories (glasses, necklaces, rings, etc.). Often in kana or as 付ける.
- 身に着ける: Essentially the same as 着ける. Often with つける in kana or with 付ける.
- 着する: Essentially the same as 着ける, though more formal.
- 着用(する): Essentially the same as 着ける, though more formal.
- する: To wear accessories (glasses, necklaces, rings, etc.), to be showing an expression, to have a certain quality, etc.
- 纏う: To wrap or wear something around the whole of or part of one's body. Usually kana.

Other verbs:
- 佩く: To affix to one's hip, such as a sword. Usually kana.
- 帯びる: To wear, to carry, usually of a sword on one's hip or an insignia.
- 提げる: To hang from the shoulder or waist or hold hanging from the hand. Also as 下げる.
- 突っかける: To slip on, to quickly wear shoes, slippers, etc.
- 召す: Honorific (尊敬語) form for 着る, e.g. 和服をお召しになる.

Sources:
- 使い方の分かる 類語例解辞典
- 大辞林
- 明鏡国語辞典
- Tofugu

"to cause to become", transitive counterpart to なる

行う is basically similar to する but 行う sounds more formal and stiff.
The more formal the situation is, the more likely 行う is chosen.
It can also be used in sentences where it usually sounds grandiose.
It can also appear in casual conversations.
There is also a verb 執り行う which sounds even stiffer and is only used with big ceremonies such as wedding ceremonies.

To wear small items (necktie, watch etc.)

する is one of the two irregular verb conjugations. To conjugate into this present form you would use します.

I have things suru(to do).

Monkey (さる) see, monkey do (する)

Mr. Sulu has a lot To Do on board the Enterprise.

Suru sounds like sudo, a Linux codeword that means "Super User DO."

To conjugate する, I like to think that it’s a godan and an ichidan verb at the same time. So to conjugate the stem the ichidan would do する -> す and the godan would do す -> し. Then I know that the stem of する is し.

TYREEK (たいりく) Hill can probably run across the CONTINENT (たいりく)

"Tie reek" – Visualize tying something up that has a terrible reek (TAI) coming from a distant continent (RIKU) far away.

陸 (りく): Land.

At the beginning when people found new land, they would have probably said "Now that is really (り) cool (く)!".

A continent is a simply a big piece of land (大 + 陸).

Both の and こと turn verbs into nouns, but they feel different:
————————

こと is more conceptual and abstract. It treats the action as a general idea and sounds more detached. It's often used for information, ideas, or facts.

の feels more direct and personal. It points to the actual action as it happens. It sounds more immediate, and it's commonly used for things you directly see, hear, feel, or control.
————————

→ 私は死ぬことが怖い = "I'm afraid of death"
Here, the action is treated as a general concept.

→ 私は死ぬのが怖い = "I'm afraid of dying"
This feels more immediate and personal, as if you're afraid of dying rather than death as an abstract idea.
————————

The difference becomes clearer with direct perception. When you directly witness something, you usually use の.

→ 私は子どもが泣いているのを見た = "I saw a child crying"
What you saw wasn't the concept of a child crying—you saw the action itself.

The same contrast appears with hearing, especially when comparing direct perception and reported information.

→ 火山が噴火したことを聞いた = What you heard was the news of the volcano erupting.
Here, you received information about the event.

→ 火山が噴火したのを聞いた = You were there when the volcano erupted. You directly heard it.
In this case, you experienced the sound itself.
————————

Finally, when talking about actions you can directly control, の is usually preferred.
→ 酒を飲むのをやめた = "I quit drinking"

Here, the action feels concrete and personally managed rather than abstract.
————————

Quick rule of thumb:

Directly experienced / immediate / personal → の
Abstract / conceptual / informational → こと

Source: part of this video: [www.youtube.com]

Wideness. How wide or narrow a thing/space is. derived from 広い

Basically pronounced "o" in this context

Person を Event に 誘う→To invite a person to an event

Eg: ジョンさんはマリさんを映画に誘いました。→John invited Mary to the movies.

Pronounced as 'O', not as 'Wo'. The sound is actually extremely close to that of お.
But to write を on a Japanese keyboard based on the English layout you will need to type 'wo'.

"O" is for "Object".

Pronounced as O, (apparently), but think of it as a man on a surfboard!
"WOw!! I can surf!!!!"

A long time ago in a land far, far away (Nara period, which wasn't that long ago) (in Japan, which isn't particularly far because plane), this was once pronounced /wo/, similar to わ. Over many (actually just nine) centuries, this slowly merged with /o/ (お) to become the を we know today around the Edo period.

It's still を when used as a particle, though every case that was once /wo/ was replaced with お when Japan decided to standardize kana.

I was holding (もつ) my luggage (にもつ).

Hold and hold a Motsu-rella (Mozzarella)

"Motsu" sounds like "moats".

Imagine a knight holding a heavy sword while standing next to a castle's moats, ready to defend it.

HOLD the もつ-rella string cheese in your hand and don’t drop it.

(To build on ゼール's mnemonic...)
I'm out toiling and grumbling (ぶつぶつ) in the fields, planting plants (植物/しょくぶつ) so I'll have (持つ/もつ) food (食物/しょくもつ) for later.

ぶつぶつ -> しょくぶつ
もつ -> しょくもつ

To avoid confusing 持つ (もつ) with 待つ (まつ), a sound mnemonic:
In your hands (扌←手) you hold MO-ney (も).

Motsu (hold) the nimotsu (luggage).

Most (もつ) people do not HAVE what it TAKES to CARRY so much responsibility.

i love my MOATS that i have/possess/own. i wish i could hold & carry them for my new home

To remember もつ vs まつ:

もつ = You can hold a THING that you want MORE も of
まつ = you can wait for MA, but you can’t hold her in your hand

この　cannot stand alone and must be used with a noun

これ　works as a placeholder and is its "own thing"

I liked what one comment said: you can remember the difference by thinking of この　containing the の, like you are saying "これ　の　_____"

[www.reddit.com]
[www.nhk.or.jp]

Difference between この and これ:
この is adjectival and cannot be used on its own. It's always "pointing" to something. (Ex. このラーメンは美味しい). A way to remember this is that この is using the possesive の, so it literally means ___ of this.

これ however acts more like a noun an can be used on its own in a sentence. (Ex. これは美味しい).

In conclusion, without context, この would mean "this __" and これ would mean "this".

This particle has a lot of uses, but here are some of them:

Tells where an action takes place. Example:

図書館で勉強する。
I study at the library

Tells what something is made of. Example

家は木で作った。
The house is made of wood.

Tells what is an action made with, like reading emails on your computer. Example:

フォークでピザを食べない。
I do not eat pizza with a fork.

Tells about ways of transportation, like going to somewhere by car. Example:

飛行機で旅行する。
I travel by plane.

This particle has a lot of usages, but these are the most common ones. If you know others, feel free to tell us.

Another usage of で (correct me if I’m wrong though) is to say that you will do or did something for a specific duration of time.

For example: 3時間で晩御飯を料理ました (I cooked dinner in three hours)

Quoting sources of information (でVSを):

ラジオを聞く VS ラジオで聞く
I listen to the radio vs I hear from the radio
新聞を読む VS 新聞で読む
I read the newspaper vs I read from the newspaper

Eg: ラジオで聞いたんですが、明日天気がいいそうです。
→I heard from the radio that the weather would be good tomorrow.

(One use I don't think has been mentioned)

You can use で to indicate the condition or manner in which you want something to be served. Usually when you're presented with options.

Let's say you're in the middle of ordering coffee, and you get asked about the portion size:

サイズはいかがなさいますか？ ("What size would you like?")
じゃあラージで。("Large please")

Note: You can't use で with the main item, only for options or how you want it served.

E.g. 味噌ラーメン一つ、麺は硬めで、味は濃いめで、油は少なめでお願いします。("A bowl of miso ramen, firm noodles, thick soup, and less oil, please")

Source for more information: [www.youtube.com]

Another usage of で: the language in which an action is conducted. E.g. フランス語で葉書を書いた。I wrote a postcard in French.

Just for information, へ / に are used to MARK location. They are locations where the action is GOING. Whereas で is used where the action is HAPPENING/TAKING PLACE.

To quote Cure Dolly: 'anything contained in the は particle only 'flags' what the sentence is talking about, and is never part of the grammatical structure as a whole.'

[youtu.be]

Can be used like “Xは?: As for X?” Usually used when asking for opinion of someone or when a customer is asked what they would like. Very contextual can be used in many senses like “Where?” “What?” Or even complex sentences.

Other particles like も can be used similarly, but this particle directly uses the information from the conversation to ask about another thing/situation. Similar to “What about” in “Mom is at home.” “What about Dad?”.

Pronounced as "wa" (not "ha") when used as the topic-marking particle.

国 — The casual, everyday word for "country".
国家 — "Nation-state"; Often used in official contexts.

The US is the *𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗿𝘆* where "Coca"「KOKKA こっか」Cola was invented.

Sounds like “coconut,” especially when followed by の. Maybe someday coconuts will be the national symbol (こっかのしょうちょう).

Every state/nation 国家 seems to have its own 国歌 and 国花｡

He competed in the cowboy contest with A LASSO (あらそう)

Can also be placed at the end of a clause to show that the following clause is different or unexpected. It essentially makes it a BUT statement. Example: 多い友だちがいるーがー全てが優しくない。(I have many friends BUT none of them are nice.)

Notes from Kaname Naito's YouTube Video "けど Is Not Always But"
(use hlthere's link to view the video)
1. used to express opposition or contrast of two sentences (e.g. 頑張って勉強したけど、試験に落ちた。I studied hard, "but" failed the exam.)
2. used to introduce condition or situation before main point (e.g. さっき田中さんにメロンもらったんだけど、食べる? Tanaka gave me a melon just now, do you want to eat it? - where 食べる/do you want to eat it? is the main point)
3. used to request someone do something without directly stating the request/command, which could sound impolite or too invasive if stated directly (e.g. すみません、さっき注文したビールまだ来てないんですけど。Excuse me, we still haven't gotten the beer we ordered. - here けど implies 早くしてください please bring it quickly, without actually saying it)
4. used to identify yourself over the phone to people who already know you (e.g. もしもし? 要だけど。Hello, it's Kaname.)
5. the function of けど and が are basically the same, but が is more formal and is used more for very formal speech and writing, whereas けど is used more often when speaking, especially casually

How (T)Old is SHE this year?

TOSHI's age is relatively old. he might actually be past his prime...

I bought a new TOSHIba laptop this year

Also written as: 祚

Means ’over a period of time (or space)’

Equals to ~の範囲 で

"Tsuzuku" sounds like "Suzu cook".

Imagine a little girl named Suzu who restlessly continues to improve her cooking skills, always striving to become the best cook.

You can visualize the 2 tsu being waves that CONTINUE hitting the "ku" wall again and again.

the crane/TSUru I continued watching was very small/SUKUnai

I *𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗲* "to zoo coup"「TSUZUKU つづく」my chickens so the zookeeper will collect the eggs for me *𝗮𝗴𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗴𝗮𝗶𝗻*.

SHOU/Show must go on. Even if I have to/TSU sue/ZU them to continue, I don't care/KERU.

I know people from all over. I call them my Boos (ぶ).

I (ぼく) live in the north. My name is Hoku (ほくぶ).

My Nan (なんぶ) lives in the south.

Say (せいぶ), I know a cowboy who lives west.

My mom lives in the center. She always cooks and tells me to remember to chew (ちゅうぶ) my food well.

East? The roads are awful. I always stub my toe (とうぶ) when I go east.

It hurts to say (痛い・いたい) but the whole area was affected by earthquake, what are they were doing out there.. (いったい何をしていたの)

in conversation, knowing when to use その and あの when referring to a subject/situation is important

use その when the subject is not known to both speakers
use あの when the subject is known to both speakers

(both speakers refers to you and whoever you're talking to)

“Do you know what it is?” “It’s that … uh, thing …” “SO, NO.”

Can be used in front of a noun, such as その本　(that book)

Also used to quote a whole clause of a sentence, similar in a way to how the particle の and the noun こと converts a clause into the equivalent of a noun.

When using と it means you are listing the items that are the only possibilities, whereas や means there are others.

(あか)と(くろ) が すき です。
(あか)や(くろ) が すき です。
Both sentence meaning the same :
I like red and black colors.

The first sentence specifically states you like red and black colors.

The second sentence states that you like red and black colors, and maybe other colors too.

It's like a partial list when using や apart from と (when using it) which you can take as a full list

TOES together with eachother

I know people from all over. I call them my Boos (ぶ).

I (ぼく) live in the north. My name is Hoku (ほくぶ).

My Nan (なんぶ) lives in the south.

Say (せいぶ), I know a cowboy who lives west.

My mom lives in the center. She always cooks and tells me to remember to chew (ちゅうぶ) my food well.

East? The roads are awful. I always stub my toe (とうぶ) when I go east.

北部= Hokubu (no)= northern
東部 Toubu (no)= eastern
西部= seibu (no) = western

When the winds are strong, the DESERT (sa)nds flow (baku)wards.

Our plane was sabotaged (SABAtaged) and we crashed in the desert.

Sandy 砂 wasteland 漠