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Genki II (2nd Edition) > Chapter 21
Grammar from Chapter 21.
#genki2
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Passive
1. A is done, A happens
The action is not usually directed at the subject, but has a negative/undesirable connotation.
外 で 遊 ん で い る 最 中 、 雨 に 降 ら れ た ！ 
While I was playing outside it started to rain!
Passive
1. Be A-ed (Passive tense), when the action is directed at the subject.
When included, the agent of the action is marked with に
この 車 は 十 年 前 に 作 ら れ ま し た 。 
This car was made ten years ago.
てある
1. Describes a state after the action A takes place.
The action was done intentionally by someone.
住 所 が 葉 書 に 書 い て あ る の で 、 忘 れ な い ように メ モ しておいて 。 
The address is written on the postcard, so please make a note of it so you don't forget it.
間
1. During A
The phrase that follows 間 is a continuous action that continues during the period/action A. This differs from 間に (show below), which shows a single, instantaneous action that occurs before the time frame ends.
私 が 夕 飯 を 作 る 間 、 弟 は テ レ ビ を 見 て い ま し た 。 
My brother was watching TV while I was cooking dinner.
くする／にする
1. To make A; To change into A.
This displays the changing of the state or condition of something. The change is done by the subject.
その 少 年 は 大人 を 馬 鹿 に す る 。 
The boy makes a fool of adults.
てほしい
1. I want (person, thing) A to B (action)
Used to describe what you want someone else to do.
この 書 類 を 今 す ぐ 彼 女 に 届 け て 欲 し い 。 
I want you to take this paper to her right away.
ないでほしい
1. Want A to not B
この 部屋 で タ バ コ を 吸 わ な い で 欲 し い で す 。 
I don't want you to smoke in this room.
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