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新完全マスター文法 N3 > A いろいろな働きおする助詞

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こそ
1. A (often a reason/cause) is very strongly emphasized.
This can be used to strongly mark a reason or cause and suggest that other reasons/causes are not as important/valid as this one.
だ か ら こ そ 、 車 で 行 く な といった ん で す よ 。 
That's why I told you not to go by car.
でも
1. Even A
Shows an extent/extreme to which something is true.
子 供 に で も それ は できる 。 
Even a child can do it.
も
1. Nothing/no one/nobody (A)
A is the question term such as nothing, no one, nowhere, etc (だれ+も = no one, なに+も = nothing). This is followed by a negative statement B that links to A
何 事 も な く 、 無 事 に 戻 り ま し た 。 
I (they) returned safely without incident.
も
1. Even [T], not even A
The negative form (not even) can be identified when the verb following the も is in the negative form.
高 田 君 は 歌 だ け で な く 絵 も 上 手 で 、 皆 驚 き ま し た 。 
Everyone was surprised because Takada is good at not just singing but drawing as well.
さえ／にさえ／でさえ
1. Even A
This has the same meaning as Aも, but さえ is stronger than も.
この 問 題 は 、 子 供 で さ え 答 え ら れ る ほど 易 し い 。 
This question is so easy that even a child can answer it.
まで
1. Even A
Shows an extent/range outside of what is considered normal.
彼 は ス ポ ー ツ まで 得 意 な ん で す 。 
He's even good at sports.
くらい／ぐらい
1. At least A
Often used to suggest "at least A could/should be done", or "at least A is possible"
掃 除 く ら い して くれない ？ 
Could you at least clean?
くらい／ぐらい
1. So A; to the extent A
Shows the extent or degree of something (which usually precedes this expression)
あなた に は 感 謝 し て も 仕 切 れ な い く ら い だ 。 
I cannot thank you enough.
など/なんて/なんか
1. Things like A; for example A
こ ん な 料 理 など 、 食 べ た く な い わ 。 
I won't want to eat something like this.
など/なんて/なんか
1. Used to emphasize negative B
B can be things such as a negative adjective (きらい), or a verb (できない、いらない, etc).
こ ん な 服 なんか いや だ よ 。 
I don't like clothes like this.
だけ
1. Only A、Just A
この 種 の 犬 は 日 本 に だけ いる 。 
This kind of dog exists only in Japan.
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