the difference between this and ていく is when the change occurs: with てくる the change occurred in the past (and if the くる is in present tense, will keep changing); with ていく the change will be occurring in the future.
20
To continue A..ing; to have become A
To come to A
Shows a change over time
To continue A..ing; to have become A
3
この花は祖母が種から育ててきたひまわりです。
This flower is a sunflower that my grandmother grew from a seed.
7
私は今日のテストのために毎日勉強してきました。
I've studied every day for today's test.
8
私は英語を日本で１０年間教えてきたんですよ。
I taught English in Japan for ten years.
Getting the sentences
Construction
(Elements in parentheses are optional.)
AVerb: て-form
くる
Basic Examples:
運動してくる(continue exercising)
Notes
This form is often in the past ~てきた form, as it usually describes something that has continued up until now (the present).
I think for the second meaning, something should be put in there about how ~てくる is usually used in the past tense, since it describes something that has been happening until now (and can be presumed that it will continue to happen in the future). The times I have seen it used in the non-past tense is if it is in a conditional sentence, ie, "If you were to become/if it was to become". It might be good to contrast it with ~ていく, which is usually in the present/future tense, as it describes something that will happen continuously from now on. Now that I think about it, maybe you should change the 2nd meaning to "To continue A-ing, to have become A" or something to that effect.
Thanks! I went ahead and updated it. Although I've gone ahead and added it myself, you can suggest relations between other grammar terms through the Quick Info box to the right of the definition. I definitely need more help in linking up related grammar, so do check that out if you ever see others that could be linked.
Yay! I'm glad I could help. Also, I just noticed that one of the model sentences for the first meaning needs a little tweaking of its English translation ^__^ "The kanji I *learn* at school *have* gotten more difficult than before."
It's pretty similar. The second form is usually used in the sense of something that started in the past, and has continued to the present. Because of that, it's almost always in the past tense, where the action continues to or ends at the time the speaker says it.
I believe this differs from つづく because it usually focuses on something that continues from the present onward. In other words, while they both show an action continuing, one focuses on what's already happened, while one focuses on what's going to happen (continue).
Does that make any sense? I feel like I might not be doing the best job at describing it.
0
14 years ago
Report Content
Level: 1
What would be the difference between:
学校で習う漢字は前より難しくなってきている。and がっこうで習う漢字は前より難しくなっている。?
Or is it the same?
0
12 years ago
Report Content
Level: 1
Actually, shouldn't the second sentence of the first meaning be "is getting" or "is becoming" rather than "have gotten" or "has become". Because 来る adds the meaning of a continuing action that started in the past and keeps going or something.
0
12 years ago
Report Content
Level: 1
Actually, shouldn't the second sentence of the first meaning be "is getting" or "is becoming" rather than "have gotten" or "has become". Because 来る adds the meaning of a continuing action that started in the past and keeps going or something.
It doesn't necessarily need to continue onward; just for clarification, if it is in the past tense, the change has ended.
As for the second sentence, have become/gotten are present perfect (I believe that is the correct grammar term), and do refer to a present state - the kanji has gotten more difficult up through the present. I feel like is getting/becoming doesn't hold the nuance of a change over a period of time, just a present change.
As to the first comment..I am not sure I ever hear the first version used. I definitely hear the second.
Regarding the fourth example of the first usage, 食べてきて doesn't show a change, but a sequence of events (eat and then come). Shouldn't it be on the second usage of て (https://www.renshuu.org/grammar/101/)?
You might have heard me complain about this in years past, but 来る is notoriously difficult to handle when conjugating in the site. I won't go into the details, but it's TERRIBLE.
